A hyperlink, or simply a link, is a reference in a hypertext document to another document or other resource. As such it is similar to a citation in literature. Combined with a data network and suitable access protocol, a computer can be instructed to fetch the resource referenced.
Hyperlinks are part of the foundation of the World Wide Web created by Tim Berners-Lee.
There are a number of ways to format and present hyperlinks on a web page. An embedded link is one of the more common formats: one or more words of distinctively styled text. The ninth word of this sentence is an example of an embedded link.
Hyperlinks in various technologies [edit]
Hyperlinks in HTML
Tim Berners-Lee saw the possibility of using hyperlinks to link every unit of information to any other unit of information over the Internet. Hyperlinks were therefore integral to the creation of the World Wide Web.
Thus, the complex link string is reduced to, [BendGovt]. This contributes to a clean, easy to read text or document.
When the cursor hovers over a link, depending on the browser and/or graphical user interface, some informative text about the link can be shown:
* It pops up, not in a regular window, but in a special hover box, which disappears when the cursor is moved away (sometimes it disappears anyway after a few seconds, and reappears when the cursor is moved away and back). IE and Mozilla Firefox show the title, Opera also shows the URL. * In addition, the URL may be shown in the status bar.
Normally, a link will open in the current frame or window, but sites that use frames and multiple windows for navigation can add a special "target" attribute to specify where the link will be loaded. Windows can be named upon creation, and that identifier can be used to refer to it later in the browsing session. If no current window exists with that name, a new window will be created using the ID.
Creation of new windows is probably the most common use of the "target" attribute. In order to prevent accidental reuse of a window, the special window names "_blank" and "_new" are usually available, and will always cause a new window to be created. It is especially common to see this type of link when one large website links to an external page. The intention in that case is to ensure that the person browsing is aware that there is no endorsement of the site being linked to by the site that was linked from. However, the attribute is sometimes overused and can sometimes cause many windows to be created even while browsing a single site.
Another special page name is "_top", which causes any frames in the current window to be cleared away so that browsing can continue in the full window. [edit]
Hyperlinks as the currency of the World Wide Web
The Google search engine uses PageRank, a measure of link popularity to determine which page should be ranked first. The more pages that have a hyperlink pointing to a page, the higher rank that page gets. Other factors are important as well; see PageRank for more information. [edit]
History of the hyperlink
The term "hyperlink" was coined in 1965 (or possibly 1964) by Ted Nelson at the start of Project Xanadu. Nelson had been inspired by "As We May Think," a popular essay by Vannevar Bush. In the essay, Bush described a microfilm-based machine in which one could link any two pages of information into a "trail" of related information, and then scroll back and forth among pages in a trail as if they were on a single microfilm reel. The closest contemporary analogy would be to build a list of bookmarks to topically related Web pages and then allow the user to scroll forward and backward through the list.
In a series of books and articles published from 1964 through 1980, Nelson transposed Bush's concept of automated cross-referencing into the computer context, made it applicable to specific text strings rather than whole pages, generalized it from a local desk-sized machine to a theoretical worldwide computer network, and advocated the creation of such a network. Meanwhile, working independently, a team led by Douglas Engelbart (with Jeff Rulifson as chief programmer) was the first to implement the hyperlink concept for scrolling within a single document (1966), and soon after for connecting between paragraphs within separate documents (1968). See NLS. [edit]
Legal and moral issues concerning hyperlinks
See also: Deep linking
While hyperlinking among pages of Internet content has long been considered an intrinsic feature of the Internet, some websites have claimed that linking to them is not allowed without permission. [1].
In some jurisdictions it is or has been held that hyperlinks are not merely references or citations, but are devices for copying web pages. In the Netherlands, for example, Karin Spaink was initially convicted of copyright infringement for linking, although this ruling was overturned in 2003. Although this principle is generally rejected by digerati [2], the courts that adhere to it see the mere publication of a hyperlink that connects to illegal material to be an illegal act in itself, regardless of whether referencing illegal material is illegal.
In Japan, it is considered rude to link to a personal website-- especially that of an artist-- without getting permission beforehand. Because of this, many Japanese artists, and some American artists who have ties to the Japanese CG world[3], use the phrase "Link Free" on their websites to indicate that they will not be upset by unauthorized linking.
In 2000, British Telecom sued Prodigy claiming that Prodigy infringed its patent (U.S. Patent 4,873,662) on web hyperlinks. However, after costly litigation, a court found for Prodigy, ruling that British Telecom's patent did not actually cover web hyperlinks. [4] [edit]
See also
* Hyperlinking objects * HTML element.
[edit]
References
1. ↑ For example, see Irisnet (in Dutch). 2. ↑ [1] 3. ↑ For example, Fred Gallagher's FredArt. 4. ↑ CNET News.com, Hyperlink patent case fails to click. August 23, 2002.
[edit]
External links
* Anatomy and Deployment of Links - an in-depth guide to hyperlinks * LinkTutorial.com - Guide to links and linking for webmasters * Links & Law - Overview of legal issues and court rulings involving linking
Category: Hypertext 503288 suggest link 476796 add your link 173830 link 92470 link exchange 83424 add a new link 82595 add link suggest 36935 koolpages.com link net site valium 35728 cuff link 34580 d link 33942 buy link net order.badland.com phentermine.html site 33358 ac adipex.html link order.badland.com site 31673 0buyvalium.blog.kataweb.it de link 29914 buying de dmoz.dmoz.j link speed.net valium valium.html 29458 filezzz.kostenloses link online.html org phentermine site webhosting.de 28960 link messageboard688586.aimoo.com org site 28553 automatic link exchange 27696 buy k.domaindlx.com link net pharmaceutical site valium.html 26471 link mensjournal.com 26272 john51.blog.kataweb.it link org site 26066 20six.de com link valium 25772 davidzx.blog.nol.hu de link 24462 link valium7.ifrance.com 24184 link membres.lycos.fr 22996 de deskotvin.321webmaster.com link 22497 link tennesseewalkinghorse.us 22195 link massageontheweb.com 21684 edu elta.ho.com.ua link phentermine 21364 elta.ho.com.ua link net valium 21081 cheap eteamz.active.com fioricet link online org 20942 alex1984 bin cgi gbsign.cgi link org owner site spiritbooks.thesitefights.com 20325 pa career link 19415 link myblog.de online poker 18395 file generic link net online.blogspirit.com site xanax xanax.html 18228 buy fioricet link net online.splinder.com site 18103 adipexrx hk852.to link net site 16942 link lucky7.to org prozaconline site 16912 20six.co.uk link net purchase site xanax 16911 link http loadingdockantiques.com 16585 buy link net phenik.ho.com.ua site xanax.html 16525 adipex apill.snow.prohosting.com buy link online org phentermine.html site 16390 cheaponline.journalspace.com link org site 15652 link lucky7.to org site viagra7 15299 game link 15245 com link site zolofts.blogspirit.com 14829 dysfunction.safemeds.com erectile link org 14595 0 acipprod.info book guest link popl 14343 holdem link myblog.de texas 14314 acelsitrac.electrical contractor.net link net site 13763 link city data.com 13365 8080 buyvalium home.tiscali.cz link 13333 link members.aol.com 12881 alex1984 bin cgi gbsign.cgi link net owner site spiritbooks.thesitefights.com 12651 adipex adipex.no.sapo.pt cheap link net online.html 12432 hydrochloride hydrochloride.html link net site sti.ipc.ru tramadol tramadol 12317 link talentdevelop.com 12184 link fr.wikipedia.org 11791 link messageboard688601.aimoo.com org site 11585 link popularity 11542 link spanish.besttraveladventure.com 11303 link http en.wikipedia.org 11237 link http statelibrary.dcr.state.nc.us 11135 chain link fence 11113 link start.xiizeos.info 11110 link syllabus.com 11030 based communication laser link 10841 coma.badland.com link org prozac site 10757 78412 de efreeguestbooks.com link mg multi.pl 10649 link starsshow.ru 10580 buy edu link xanax.ca.tf 10506 link http marksesl.com 10249 lake link 10070 adsl.free.fr link 10064 link linuxfr.org 10035 link toile.qc.ca 10032 fr.encarta.msn.com link 9866 adipex.integrarx.com link org site 9652 com k.domaindlx.com link rxsyst site 9635 blog.net link net site u valiumonline 9541 adipex.cl.nu com link 9462 buy com link phentermine.web4u.gb.com 9215 link org site valium.online.id.ru 9122 buy link org site takeoff.to viagra 9105 20six.co.uk link onlinealprazolam 8930 cool links 8926 delaney.satanicwebsites.com link org 8902 link worldnetdaily.com 8824 cuban link 8741 com fenphen link online.html phentermine site zyworld.com 8600 link telemed.medicine.uiowa.edu 8558 link net net.przez.net phentermine site 8543 house.ru link lite 8509 cheap link phentermine.html zfilesz.piranho.com 8277 com fenway health link site views.com 8058 career link 8015 hot link 7985 20six.co.uk link valium1 7932 gambling links 7903 greenguy link o rama 7804 buyviagra.snow.prohosting.com edu link online.html sale viagra 7360 angie.p9.org.uk cosite link uk
The Ford Focus is an automobile made by the Ford Motor Company and sold in most Ford markets worldwide. It was launched in 1998 in Europe, and in 2000 in North America. Since then, it has become the most popular car in the United Kingdom, following in the success of the Escort, its predecessor. A new version of the Focus was launched in Europe in January 2005, while the United States received an updated version of the old model. In 2001 and 2002, Focus was the world’s best selling car.
Codenamed CW170 during its development, and briefly known to some Ford contractors as the Ford Fusion, the original Focus took its eventual name from a Ghia concept car which was shown in 1991. Certain elements of the design had been seen even earlier in prototypes used by Ford to demonstrate forthcoming safety features such as the eye-level rear lighting clusters. Initial spy photographs of the car seen in 1995 took the world by storm at the design's apparent boldness - further developing Ford's "New Edge" styling philosophy first seen in the Ka in 1996 and Cougar in 1998. The daring styling made it largely unchanged when it entered production three years later.
The Focus, unlike the Mondeo Mk I intended to be, was a true "world car", which saw Ford coordinate and pool its resources from all over the globe and use the same design globally. Like the Mondeo, most of the design and engineering work took place in Europe. The Focus is arguably the biggest indication of the change in Ford's design and engineering philosophy. After the Escort Mk IV was criticised by the motoring press as being designed by the "bean counters" and for its mediocre ride, handling and quality, Ford decided to take more risks in its replacement. As a result, the Focus had bold styling, increased quality and critically-acclaimed handling and refinement.
It is produced by factories in: Saarlouis, Germany; Valencia, Spain; Pacheco, Argentina; and Wayne, Michigan in which the US Knocked down kits are supplied for assembly to Vsevolzhsk near Saint Petersburg, Russia. Some North American Focuses were built in Hermosillo, Mexico, before all post-2005 North American Focuses were built in Wayne, Michigan. The Hermosillo plant was then retooled to build the Ford Fusion.
Unlike previous Fords in the North American market, the Pinto and the Escort, no luxury Mercury version is available.
In Australia, New Zealand, Japan and other countries in the region, it replaced the Laser, based on the Mazda 323 (called the Mazda Protege in some markets).
North American MK1
Mechanically, it drew heavily from other European Ford models, using a sophisticated fully independent multi-link rear suspension (dubbed "Control Blade") derived from the Short-Long Arm system used in the Mondeo station wagon (estate), giving the Focus class-leading handling and ride.
The body styles available were 3 and 5 door hatcbacks, a 4 door saloon and a 5 door estate. When the Focus was launched in North America the car featured different front and rear bumpers and a grille which incorporated the indicators/running lights, but all the sheet metal was the same as the European version - unlike the Mondeo and Contour. 2005 Focus Wagon Enlarge 2005 Focus Wagon
While Europe received an all new Mk II Focus in 2004, the Mk I was heavily facelifted in North America in late 2004 for the 2005 model year and featured an all new front end and interior, with the grille and headlights looking very similar to the Focus Mk II. Ford apparently decided that a completely new car would not be profitable in this heavily price and incentive-driven market, while sales of the Mk I eventually slid in North America.
The American Ford Focus fits smallest into a line of sedans (smallest to largest) by Ford:
* Ford Focus * Ford Fusion * Ford Taurus * Ford Five Hundred * Ford Crown Victoria
[edit]
Engines (North American)
* 2.0 L CVH/SPI: Sedan only. * 2.0 L Zetec: 128BHP; 33.1MPG; 125MPH top speed; 9.0s 0-60. * 2.0 L Duratec: SVT Only; 170BHP; 25MPG; 133MPH top speed; 8.2s 0-60. * 2.3 L Duratec From 2004 onwards.
The North American Focus recieved trim levels in LX, SE, ZTS, ZTW, SVT, and ZX3/ZX5 Premium editions. [edit]
Bodystyles
* 3-door Hatchback * 5-door Hatchback added for North America starting in 2002) * 4-door Sedan (Not available in Japan or New Zealand) * 4-door Wagon (Only available in Europe, Japan and North America)
In the US and Canada, the second generation Focus are coded with a 'ZXx' designation. ie ZX3, ZX4, ZX5, ZXW Two 2005 Saleen S121s Enlarge Two 2005 Saleen S121s
Tuner Saleen modified the second generation USA Focus into the S121 and N20 performance cars. The S121 includes a 150 hp (112 kW) Duratec 2.0l I4 engine with improved suspension, custom body kit, custom graphics, tire and wheel package, customized interior components, and optional upgraded brakes. The performance boost to the factory Duratec 2.0l I4 engine was achieved by replaceing the factory paper air filter with a more freely flowing reuseable air cleaner and by replacing the restrictive factory exhaust with a cat back exhaust system. The N20 offers the same base engine and other improvements along with a factory installed nitrous oxide system that offers a 75 hp boost bringing the N2O to 225 hp The S121/N2O are sold as new at many Ford dealers. There were 200 S121/N2O's produced by Saleen in 2005.
Several American companies offer genuine Ford parts to modify North American built Focuses to full or partial European standards. [1] There is also a V-8 engine conversion for the Focus. [2] [3] [edit]
Competition
* Chevrolet Cavalier (Until 2006) * Chevrolet Cobalt * Dodge Neon * Honda Civic * Hyundai Elantra * Mazda3 * Mitsubishi Lancer * Nissan Sentra * Pontiac Vibe * Saturn Ion * Toyota Corolla * Volkswagen Golf
[edit]
European MK1
In 2001 the European version of the Mk I Focus was facelifted, receiving a new grille, headlights and front and rear bumpers. The facelifted version also saw the introduction of the ST170, which shared it's engine with the North American Focus SVT launched earlier, and in 2002 the long awaited Focus RS appeared although it was not available in North America and was only produced in limited numbers.
The engines available were the well-proven 1.8 litre and 2.0 litre Zetec units from the Mondeo/Contour family and 1.4 litre and 1.6 litre versions of the Zetec-SE units found in the Fiesta and Puma, with the Endura diesel (a development of the old Deutz-designed motor which Ford had been using since the 1980s), although the Duratorq unit replaced this in 2002. The SVT and ST170 used a 168 Bhp (170 Ps) variable valve timing version of the 2.0 litre Zetec engine while the RS used a 212 Bhp turbo version of the same engine, but without variable valve timing. [edit]
* Millennium (1.8 petrol), 5-door hatchback. o Special features included: Millennium Yellow paint, heated leather seats and ABS * MP3 (1.8 petrol), 3-door hatchback. o Special features included: 17" 7 spoke alloy wheels, limited paint colour choice (Metropolis Blue or Moondust Silver), Harlequin Blue seat trim and MP3 compatible radio * Black (1.6 petrol), 3-door hatchback. o Special features included: Panther Black paint, 15" 3x2 spoke alloy wheels, mesh Upper Grill (commonly known as the Collection Mk1 Grill), chrome tailpipe, Midnight Black leather heated seats, air conditioning, heated fron windscreen and scuff plates * Chic (1.6 petrol), 3-door hatchback. o Special features included: Magnum Grey paint, chrome tailpipe, 15" 3x2 spoke alloy wheels, Midnight Black heated leather seats, air conditioning, heated front windscreen and ABS * Ebony (1.6 petrol), 3-door hatchback. o Special features included: Panther Black paint, 15" 3x2 spoke alloy wheels, mesh Upper Grill (commonly known as the Collection Mk1.5 Grill), chrome tailpipe, Midnight Black heated leather seats, 6 disc cd autochanger radio, air conditioning, heated front windscreen, titanium finish scuff plates, ABS, traction control, parking sensors and side airbags * Edge (1.6 petrol, 115PS diesel), 3/5-door hatchback. o Special features included: Spoiler (commonly known as the Collection spoiler), 16" 5 spoke alloy wheels, Midnight Black heated leather seats, air conditioning, titanium effect radio surround and side airbags * Elle (1.6 petrol), 3-door hatchback. o Special features included: Moondust Silver paint, chrome tailpipe, 15" 3x2 spoke alloy wheels, Midnight Black heated leather seats, air conditioning, side airbags and ABS * Flight (1.6 petrol), 3/5-door hatchback. o Special features included: 15" steel wheels with wheeltrims, Midnight Black heated leather seats, air conditioning, titanium effect radio surround and side airbags * Ink (1.6 petrol), 3/5-door hatchback. o Special features included: Ink Blue paint, 15" 3x2 spoke alloy wheels, chrome tailpipe, mesh Upper Grill (commonly known as the Collection Mk1.5 Grill), Midnight Black heated leather seats, titanium effect scuff plates and ABS * Silver (1.6 petrol), 3-door hatchback. o Special features included: 15" 3x2 spoke alloy wheels, Machine Silver paint, chrome tailpipe, heated front windscreen, Midnight Black heated leather seats, air conditioning, rear disc brakes and ABS * Collection (1.8 petrol), 3-door hatchback. o Special features included: Official ford body kit comprising side skirts (optional), front bumper with mesh lower grill and round fog lights and rear bumper with mesh lower grill and cut out for exhaust. Also, Amadine blue pattern seats, leather gear knob and blue collection floormats * RS (2.0 turbo petrol), 3-door hatchback. o Special features included: Garret GT2560 TurboCharger, Water to Air charge cooling, Sachs Racing dampers, Brembo Brakes, Rally-derived suspension, wide track, Thatcham Cat 1 alarm, leather Sparco seats, metal pedals, alloy gear knob, air conditioning, 6CD multichanger radio, start button, blue backlit dials, turbo boost gauge and shift light, only 4500 produced
[edit]
Engines (European/Other markets)
* 1.4 L Zetec-SE: 74BHP; 42.8MPG; 106MPH top speed; 14.1s 0-60. * 1.6 L Zetec-SE: 99BHP; 40.9MPG; 115MPH top speed; 10.9s 0-60. * 1.6 L Zetec: (Other Markets) * 1.8 L Zetec: 113BHP; 37.2MPG; 123MPH top speed; 10.2s 0-60. (All Markets) * 1.8 L Endura-D diesel: 75 PS (56 kW) and 90 PS (67 kW) non-common-rail (TDi/TDdi) * 1.8 L Duratorq diesel: 100 PS (75 kW) and 115 PS (86 kW) common rail (TDci) * 2.0 L Zetec: 128BHP; 33.1MPG; 125MPH top speed; 9.0s 0-60. * 2.0 L Duratec: From 2004 onwards. (Latin America) * 2.0 L Duratec: ST170 and SVT Only; 170BHP; 25MPG; 133MPH top speed; 8.2s 0-60. * 2.0 L Duratec: RS Only; 212BHP; 19.9MPG; 144MPH top speed; 6.4s 0-60.
* 3-door Hatchback * 5-door Hatchback (Part of the original line in Europe) * 4-door Saloon/Sedan (Not available in Japan or New Zealand) * 4-door Estate/Wagon (Only available in Europe, Japan and North America)
[edit]
European Mk II
The all-new European Mk II Ford Focus was launched in 2004 and was a task few manufacturers would have relished; to replace a car which was universally praised and set unpredecented new standards to a class. The Mk I was a rare car which dominated its class with such consumate ease and set new standards for rivals to follow. Indeed, it took the Mk V Volkswagen Golf to claim class best honours - 5 years years after the Ford was launched.
Dynamically, the Focus is again held in high regard by the motoring press. Although the latest generation Opel/Vauxhall Astra and Volkswagen Golf have much improved handling (over their respective predecessors), they still were short of the ability offered by the Mk I Focus. The Mk II Focus moves the game on, offering even better hanlding and ride and, as with its predecessor, it is regarded as having the best chassis in its class. Although the BMW 1-Series offers marginally better handling, and the Volkswagen Golf a slightly better ride, the Focus still offers the best handling/ride compromise, and is superior even over its mechanically similar Volvo and Mazda cousins.
Along with its more spacious interior, better refinement, more powerful but frugal and refined engines, and improved quality the Mk II reclaimed the Focus' crown as best car in its class. However, unlike the daylight its predecessor enjoyed over its rivals at launch the gap between the Mk II Focus and the next best car in the class, the Mk V Volkswagen Golf, is slim. [edit]
Design and Engineering
The Focus Mk II, codenamed C307, uses a new platform called C1 which is shared with the Volvo S40, V50 and C70, Mazda3 and Focus C-Max. Ford calls this platform sharing programme Global Shared Technologies. The Focus was launched at the Paris Motor Show on September 23, 2004 as a three and five-door hatchback and a station wagon, although the Focus was truly previewed, in 4-door saloon form, as the 'Focus COncept' developed by Ford Australia at the Beijing Motor Show in mid-2004. The production saloon joined Focus the range in 2005.
The basic suspension design, which contributed much to the Mk I's dominance, has been carried over largely unchanged from its predecssor which, along with a stiffer bodyshell, offers even better handling and ride according to Ford.
The Focus Mk II is much larger than its predecessor with a 25 mm (1 in) increase in wheelbase, 168 mm (6.6 in) longer, 8 mm (0.3 in) taller and 138 mm (5.4 in) wider. As a result the interior and boot space has increased. New technologies include a KeyFree system, a solar-reflect windshield, adaptive front lighting, Bluetooth hands-free phones and voice control for audio, telephone and climate control systems. The interior and dashboard follows on from the Mondeo's Germanic feel and are made from far higher quality plastics than before, and the overall feeling of solidity of the car has been increased markedly in a deliberate attempt to emulate the standards set by the Volkswagen Golf. It also features either a Durashift 6-speed manual, Durashift 4-speed automatic transmission or the all-new Durashift advanced manual transmission or just the standard manual.
Stylistically, the Mk II's styling features the same design language found in the Mondeo and Fiesta and like its siblings the Focus has been criticised by the motoring press for what some perceive as a lack of flair, originality and boldness of its predecessor's New Edge design even though the new model looks more classy and mature. Although still recogniseable as a Focus the new car uses styling features from the abandoned B-Proposal for the original Focus which were never signed off for production. The interior design has not faced such harsh criticism with many journalists believing it represents a significant improvement through more sober styling and better quality plastics than the ageing first generation design, although the general concensus is that the Focus' interior is still a notch down from the Mk V Volkswagen Golf.
The new car has gained the best ever Euro NCAP ratings for its class, beating such contenders as the Renault Mégane and Volkswagen Golf.
Auto Express in 2005 hailed the European Focus Mk II "Supreme Champion" in its New Car of the Year awards. The Focus also won the subcategory of Best Compact Family Car in the same awards.
The European Ford Focus is in the middle of a line of saloon/hatchback cars (smallest to largest) by Ford:
* Ford Ka * Ford Fiesta * Ford Focus * Ford Mondeo
The Focus Mk II is also built in South Africa for export to Australia and New Zealand but is not available in North America, Ford prefering to continue with a heavily revised version of the Mk I Focus. [edit]
Coupé-Cabriolet
The Focus Coupé-Cabriolet was introduced at the Geneva Motor Show in February 2006. Originally named the Vignale by designer Pininfarina, it was previewed at the 2005 Frankfurt Motor Show. It has a two-piece metal folding roof, and final assembly will be handled by Pininfarina, making it an exotic in a mainstream marque. Ford plans to sell about 20,000 annually in Europe, and initial reaction has been extremely positive. [edit]
Focus ST
Another new model is the Focus ST. It uses the same powerplant from the Volvo S40 T5, a turbocharged 2.5 L 5-cylinder engine capable of achieving 225 hp DIN (166 kW). [edit]
Engines
The engine line up for the Mk II is a mixture of old and new. Revised versions of the 1.4 litre and 1.6 litre all aluminium Zetec-SE engines from the previous generation Focus were carried over, although the units were now renamed Duratec (see next paragraph). The 1.8 litre and 2.0 litre Zetec petrol engines of the original were dropped, with the 1.8 litre unit being replaced by an all-new 1.6 litre Duratec Ti-VCT engine with variable valve timing, while the 2.0 litre engine was replaced by the Mk 2 Mondeo's 2.0 litre Duratec engine.
It should be noted that Ford's 1.8 litre and 2.0 litre Duractec engines are heavily revised versions of the old 1.8 litre and 2.0 litre Zetec engines from the previous Focus and Mk I Mondeo and bear no relation to the 1.4 litre and 1.6 litre Duratec engines, the latter being revised versions of the Yamaha developed Zetec-SE engines.
The PSA-developed Duratorq diesel engine in 1.6 L 100 hp and 110 hp editions, Ford's own 'Lynx' Duratorq 1.8L 115 hp diesel carried over from the previous model and the PSA DW10 diesel in 2.0 L form rounds off the range in standard Focus guise (this is a different unit to the 'Puma' diesel in the Mondeo).
The new Focus ST, however, has a 2.5 litre 220bhp 5 cylinder straight engine, derived from Volvo as used in the S40 T5. The Focus ST's engine uses a turbo and offers a healthy 236 lb ft torque peaking as low as 1,600rpm.
Petrol
* 1.4 L Duratec * 1.6 L Duratec * 1.6 L Duratec Ti-VCT * 2.0 L Duratec-HE * 2.5 L Duratec-HE 5-cylinder
Diesel
* 1.6L (100bhp and 110bhp) Duratorq (PSA type) * 1.8 L Duratorq (Ford "Lynx" type) * 2.0 L Duratorq (PSA DW10)
[edit]
World Rally Championship
In 1999, Ford revealed its first version for the World Rally Championship: the Focus WRC. Subsequent variants followed, piloted by such men as Colin McRae, Carlos Sainz, Markko Martin and Francois Duval. The next version of the Focus WRC hit the special stages on the 2005 Rally Australia with Toni Gardemeister and Roman Kresta, notching victory on its 'full' championship debut on the 2006 Monte Carlo Rally in the hands of Marcus Gronholm. [edit]
Competition
* Citroën Xsara (recently, Citroën C4) * Fiat Stilo * Honda Civic * Hyundai Elantra * Opel Astra/Vauxhall Astra * Mazda 3 * Mitsubishi Lancer * Peugeot 307 * Renault Megane * Toyota Corolla * Volkswagen Golf
[edit]
Overall Sales and history
In Europe, the hatchback is the biggest selling bodystyle. Ford attempted to market the sedan in Europe as a mini-executive car by only offering it in the Ghia trim level, something that it had tried before with the Orion of the 1980s. It has since given up on this strategy, and has started selling lower specified versions of the sedan.
Despite its radical styling (the hatchback version in particular), and some controversial safety recalls in North America, the car has been a runaway success across the globe, even in the United States, where Ford has traditionally failed to successfully sell its European models.
This was the best-selling car in the world in 2000 and 2001. It was elected Car of the Year in 1999. The Focus won the North American Car of the Year award for 2000. In Europe, the original had a very subtle facelift in 2001.
The Focus, unlike the Escort, was never offered in a panel van body style in the U.S. However a commercial focus is available in Europe.[4]
Ford was therefore left without a light-duty commercial vehicle when the Escort finally went out of production in 2000. The purpose-designed Transit Connect, introduced in 2002, largely served as its replacement. A convertible version was another notable omission, although there is talk of producing a drop-top version of the Mk II for Europe. [edit]
Reliability
In the US spec models, despite a series of major recalls early in the car's life [5], reliability has steadily been improving. In fact, there have been no Focus recalls in the United States since 2002 [6]. The Focus now at Ford dealerships has Consumer Reports Best in Class rating for small cars [7]. The car has also received a Consumers Digest Best Buy Rating, [8] an award that takes numerous factors into consideration, including reliability and recall history.
The European Focus would also suffer from some recall issues, but in 2002, according to German reports and surveys, the Focus was claimed to be the most reliable car between 1 to 3 years old on the German car market [9]. This was a remarkable feat as the Focus was competing against German prestige manufacturers as well as Japanese manufacturers, all of which have strong reputations for quality and reliability. [edit]
Awards
Since its launch in 1998 the Focus Mk I has won over 60 awards including 13 Car of the Year awards in both Europe and North America, and more recently, the best family car ever (Autocar UK 2003). The Focus was on Car and Driver magazine's Ten Best list for five consecutive years (2000 through 2004). In 2005, in a poll by the Men & Motors TV channel in the UK, it was placed 19th in the nation's favourite 100 cars of all time.
The North American version has been a favorite of Car and Driver magazine, which has elected it to its Ten Best list every year since its introduction in 2000 [10]. Motor Trend magazine has also given the Focus favorable reviews, writing comments like "As entry-level sedans go, few can touch Ford's Focus on the fun-to-drive front" [11].
[edit]
See also
* Ford Fusion
[edit]
External links
* Focusworld - The Focus Enthusiast Site * Ford Focus ST170 * How Not to Build a V-8 Ford Focus * AustinSVT.com Austin & Central Texas SVT Owners website * Ford Focus owners + pics (CarDomain) * Ford Focus Info * Focus Fanatics - Online Ford Focus Community and photo gallery * fOCUS Owners.com * Ford Focus ST Owners Club * Ford Fiesta & Focus ST Owners Club Portal * Ford Focus Owners Club (UK) * US Ford Focus website * Owner's idiosyncratic review of 2005 Focus ZX4 SES * The New Ford Focus * AutoGuideWiki.com * Used Ford Focus information * Ford Club of Poland (in Polish language). * Ford Auto IN :: Home Page New Focus Central Europe (in Czech language). * Russian Ford Focus club (in russian)
Ford Motor Company Platforms | Engines | Vehicles | Category
Historic: 1900s: Model A/AC | Model B | Model C | Model F | Model K | Model N | Model R | Model S | Model T 1910s-1920s: Model TT | Model A 1930s-1940s: Model B | Köln | CX | Rheinland | Eifel | 7Y | Anglia | Prefect | Country Squire | Meteor | Pilot 1950s: Consul | Country Sedan | Del Rio | Edsel (Brand) | Fairlane | Galaxie | Mainline | Parklane | Popular | Ranchero | Squire | Taunus | Thunderbird | Versailles | Zephyr 1960s: Bronco | Capri | Corcel | Corsair | Cortina | Escort | Falcon | GT40 | LTD | Torino 1970s: Elite | Fairmont | Granada | Maverick | Pinto 1980s: Aerostar | Bantam | Bronco II | Del Rey | EXP | Festiva | Laser | Orion | Probe | Scorpio | Sierra | Telstar | Tempo | Verona 1990s: Aspire | Contour | Cougar | Maverick | Puma | Windstar 2000s: Excursion
edit template * focus night and day * focus on the family * focus do it all * focus contact lenses * focus night & day * www focus com * focus night & day contact lenses * power of focus * focus * focus night day * ford focus rs * focus diy uk * 2004 ford focus * 2001 ford focus * 2003 ford focus * in focus projector * online focus groups * micro focus cobol * focus monthly visitint * ford focus svt * ford focus performance parts * focus dailies contact lenses * focus night and day contact lenses * focus on africa * in focus projectors * ford focus accessories * focus monthly contact lenses * online focus group * focus contact lense * marketing focus groups * ford focus zx3 * 2003 ford focus zx3 * ford focus wagon * paid focus groups * focus factor supplement * focus 1 2 week * ford focus manual * turbo ford focus * focus group moderator * used ford focus * ford focus uk * focus monthly lenses * ford focus st170 * focus body kit * ford focus zts * ford svt focus * auto focus binoculars * paid focus group * ford focus tuning * focus night and day contact * focus night & day contact lens * focus body kits * focus on the family org * www focus de * ford focus performance * ford focus wrc * focus camera * ford focus body kits * ford focus lx * ford focus zetec * ford focus recall * focus group facility * ford focus 2003 * ford focus body kit * focus group survey * camera focus * ford focus station wagon * ford focus price * ford focus cars * new ford focus # wicks # paint # b&q # doors # plaster # coving # bbq # bathroom # plasterboard # do it all # upvc # b and q # & # service # news # capital # ftd # mobile # playboy # online # taz # und # express # sueddeutsche # ron # max # lotto # worldsex # tagesschau # kostenlos # kicker # b�ch er # altavista # web # www # htm # rp # info # ntv # thehun # ryanair # faz # cnn # leo # vodafone # lufthansa # liebe # fireball # payback # chip # db # single # geo # amica # neu # bild # homo # lycos # ww # otto # gala # ficken # ampland # n24 # ikea # suchmaschinen # esprit # handelsblatt # antenne # giga # brigitte # uniwarez # ag # bunte # netzeitung # heise # deutschland # bol # falk # waz # postleitzahlen # songtexte # mediamarkt # welt # sport1 # de # witze # spinchat # fernsehprogramm # magazin # tagesspiegel # sperrmï¿&frac 12;ll # horoskop # gru� karten # nachrichten # rtl # zeit # firma # freemail # grusskarten # buecher # pro7 # hypovereinsbank # telefonauskunft # wdr # routenplaner # wetter # bildzeitung # adac # uboot # diba # gmbh # boerse # zeitschrift # jobpilot # mopo # epost # zdf # swr3 # telepolis # gmx # autobild # firemail # sat1 # arcor # wahreliebe # t online de # sperrmuell # donnerwetter # consors
A web browser is a software application that enables a user to display and interact with text, images, and other information typically located on a web page at a website on the World Wide Web or a local area network. Text and images on a web page can contain hyperlinks to other web pages at the same or different websites. Web browsers allow a user to quickly and easily access information provided on many web pages at many websites by traversing these links. Popular browsers available for personal computers include Microsoft Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Opera, Netscape, and Apple Safari. Web browsers are the most commonly used type of HTTP user agent. Although browsers are typically used to access the World Wide Web, they can also be used to access information provided by web servers in private networks or content in file systems.
Protocols and standards
Web browsers communicate with web servers primarily using HTTP (hyper-text transfer protocol) to fetch webpages. HTTP allows web browsers to submit information to web servers as well as fetch web pages from them. As of writing, the most commonly used HTTP is HTTP/1.1, which is fully defined in RFC 2616. HTTP/1.1 has its own required standards that Internet Explorer does not fully support, but most other current-generation web browsers do.
Pages are located by means of a URL (uniform resource locator), which is treated as an address, beginning with http: for HTTP access. Many browsers also support a variety of other URL types and their corresponding protocols, such as ftp: for FTP (file transfer protocol), rtsp: for RTSP (real-time streaming protocol), and https: for HTTPS (an SSL encrypted version of HTTP).
The file format for a web page is usually HTML (hyper-text markup language) and is identified in the HTTP protocol using a MIME content type. Most browsers natively support a variety of formats in addition to HTML, such as the JPEG, PNG and GIF image formats, and can be extended to support more through the use of plugins. The combination of HTTP content type and URL protocol specification allows web page designers to embed images, animations, video, sound, and streaming media into a web page, or to make them accessible through the web page.
Early web browsers supported only a very simple version of HTML. The rapid development of proprietary web browsers led to the development of non-standard dialects of HTML, leading to problems with Web interoperability. Modern web browsers support standards-based HTML and XHTML, which should display in the same way across all browsers. Internet Explorer does not fully support HTML 4.01 and XHTML 1.x yet. Currently many sites are designed using WYSIWYG HTML generation programs such as Macromedia Dreamweaver or Microsoft Frontpage. These often generate non-standard HTML by default, hindering the work of the W3C in developing standards, specifically with XHTML and CSS (cascading style sheets, used for page layout).
Some of the more popular browsers include additional components to support Usenet news, IRC (Internet relay chat), and e-mail. Protocols supported may include NNTP (network news transfer protocol), SMTP (simple mail transfer protocol), IMAP (Internet message access protocol), and POP (post office protocol). These browsers are often referred to as Internet suites or application suites rather than merely web browsers. [edit]
Brief history
Tim Berners-Lee, who pioneered the use of hypertext for sharing information, created the first web browser, named WorldWideWeb, in 1990 and introduced it to colleagues at CERN in March 1991. Since then the development of web browsers has been inseparably intertwined with the development of the web itself.
The web browser was thought of as a useful application to handle CERN's huge telephone book. In terms of user interaction it follows the protocols gopher/telnet, enabling every user to easily browse sites others have written. However, it was the later integration of graphics into the web browser that made it the "killer application" of the internet.
The explosion in popularity of the web was triggered by NCSA Mosaic which was a graphical browser running originally on Unix but soon ported to the Apple Macintosh and Microsoft Windows platforms. Version 1.0 was released in September 1993. Marc Andreessen, who was the leader of the Mosaic team at NCSA, quit to form a company that would later be known as Netscape Communications Corporation.
Netscape released its flagship Navigator product in October 1994, and it took off the next year. Microsoft, which had thus far not marketed a browser, now entered the fray with its Internet Explorer product, purchased from Spyglass Inc. This began what is known as the browser wars, the fight for the web browser market between Microsoft and Netscape.
The wars put the web in the hands of millions of ordinary PC users, but showed how commercialization of the web could stymie standards efforts. Both Microsoft and Netscape liberally incorporated proprietary extensions to HTML in their products, and tried to gain an edge by product differentiation. Starting with the acceptance of the Microsoft proposed Cascading Style Sheets over Netscape's JavaScript Style Sheets (JSSS) by W3C, the Netscape browser started being generally considered inferior to Microsoft's browser version after version, from feature considerations to application robustness to standard compliance. The wars effectively ended in 1998 when it became clear that Netscape's declining market share trend was irreversible. This trend may have been due in part to Microsoft's integrating its browser with its operating system and bundling deals with OEMs; Microsoft faced antitrust litigation on these charges.
Netscape responded by open sourcing its product, creating Mozilla. This did nothing to slow Netscape's declining market share. The company was purchased by America Online in late 1998. At first, the Mozilla project struggled to attract developers, but by 2002 it had evolved into a relatively stable and powerful internet suite. Mozilla 1.0 was released to mark this milestone. Also in 2002, a spin off project that would eventually become the popular Mozilla Firefox was released. In 2004, Firefox 1.0 was released; Firefox 1.5 was released in December 2005. As of 2005, Mozilla and its derivatives account for approximately 10% of web traffic.
Opera, an innovative, speedy browser popular in handheld devices, particularly mobile phones, as well as on PCs in some countries was released in 1996 and remains a niche player in the PC web browser market.
The Lynx browser remains popular for Unix shell users and with vision impaired users due to its entirely text-based nature. There are also several text-mode browsers with advanced features, such as Links and its forks such as ELinks.
While the Macintosh scene too has traditionally been dominated by Internet Explorer and Netscape, the future appears to belong to Apple's Safari which is based on Apple's WebKit layout engine, derived from the KHTML layout engine of the open source Konqueror browser. Safari is the default browser on Mac OS X.
In 2003, Microsoft announced that Internet Explorer would no longer be made available as a separate product but would be part of the evolution of its Windows platform, and that no more releases for the Macintosh would be made. However, more recently in early 2005, Microsoft changed its plans and announced that version 7 of Internet Explorer would be released for its Windows XP and Windows 2003 Server operating systems in addition to the upcoming "Windows Vista" operating system. [edit]
Features
Different browsers can be distinguished from each other by the features they support. Modern browsers and web pages tend to utilize many features and techniques that did not exist in the early days of the web. As noted earlier, with the browser wars there was a rapid and chaotic expansion of browser and World Wide Web feature sets.
The following is a list of some of the most notable features: [edit]
Standards support
* HTTP and HTTPS * HTML, XML and XHTML * Graphics file formats including GIF, PNG, JPEG, and SVG * Cascading Style Sheets * JavaScript (Dynamic HTML) * Cookie * Digital certificates * Favicons * RSS, Atom
[edit]
Fundamental features
* Bookmark manager * Caching of web contents * Support of media types via plugins such as Macromedia Flash and QuickTime
[edit]
Usability and accessibility features
* Autocompletion of URLs and form data * Tabbed browsing * Spatial navigation * Caret navigation * Screen reader or full speech support
* History of the Internet * Accessibility * Browser exploit * Microbrowser * Web application * List of web browsers * Offline Browser * Comparison of web browsers * Usage share of web browsers * Refreshing/reloading a page
[edit]
External links
* Browser timeline (1993-2001) * evolt.org - Browser Archive * Deja Vu: (re-)creating web history * iCapture - Safari "emulator" * Viewable with Any Browser: Campaign * Macintosh Web Browsers * MultiOS Browser Test * W3Schools Browser Statistics * What's my Browser?
A web browser is a software application that enables a user to display and interact with text, images, and other information typically located on a web page at a website on the World Wide Web or a local area network. Text and images on a web page can contain hyperlinks to other web pages at the same or different websites. Web browsers allow a user to quickly and easily access information provided on many web pages at many websites by traversing these links. Popular browsers available for personal computers include Microsoft Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Opera, Netscape, and Apple Safari. Web browsers are the most commonly used type of HTTP user agent. Although browsers are typically used to access the World Wide Web, they can also be used to access information provided by web servers in private networks or content in file systems.
Protocols and standards
Web browsers communicate with web servers primarily using HTTP (hyper-text transfer protocol) to fetch webpages. HTTP allows web browsers to submit information to web servers as well as fetch web pages from them. As of writing, the most commonly used HTTP is HTTP/1.1, which is fully defined in RFC 2616. HTTP/1.1 has its own required standards that Internet Explorer does not fully support, but most other current-generation web browsers do.
Pages are located by means of a URL (uniform resource locator), which is treated as an address, beginning with http: for HTTP access. Many browsers also support a variety of other URL types and their corresponding protocols, such as ftp: for FTP (file transfer protocol), rtsp: for RTSP (real-time streaming protocol), and https: for HTTPS (an SSL encrypted version of HTTP).
The file format for a web page is usually HTML (hyper-text markup language) and is identified in the HTTP protocol using a MIME content type. Most browsers natively support a variety of formats in addition to HTML, such as the JPEG, PNG and GIF image formats, and can be extended to support more through the use of plugins. The combination of HTTP content type and URL protocol specification allows web page designers to embed images, animations, video, sound, and streaming media into a web page, or to make them accessible through the web page.
Early web browsers supported only a very simple version of HTML. The rapid development of proprietary web browsers led to the development of non-standard dialects of HTML, leading to problems with Web interoperability. Modern web browsers support standards-based HTML and XHTML, which should display in the same way across all browsers. Internet Explorer does not fully support HTML 4.01 and XHTML 1.x yet. Currently many sites are designed using WYSIWYG HTML generation programs such as Macromedia Dreamweaver or Microsoft Frontpage. These often generate non-standard HTML by default, hindering the work of the W3C in developing standards, specifically with XHTML and CSS (cascading style sheets, used for page layout).
Some of the more popular browsers include additional components to support Usenet news, IRC (Internet relay chat), and e-mail. Protocols supported may include NNTP (network news transfer protocol), SMTP (simple mail transfer protocol), IMAP (Internet message access protocol), and POP (post office protocol). These browsers are often referred to as Internet suites or application suites rather than merely web browsers. [edit]
Brief history
Tim Berners-Lee, who pioneered the use of hypertext for sharing information, created the first web browser, named WorldWideWeb, in 1990 and introduced it to colleagues at CERN in March 1991. Since then the development of web browsers has been inseparably intertwined with the development of the web itself.
The web browser was thought of as a useful application to handle CERN's huge telephone book. In terms of user interaction it follows the protocols gopher/telnet, enabling every user to easily browse sites others have written. However, it was the later integration of graphics into the web browser that made it the "killer application" of the internet.
The explosion in popularity of the web was triggered by NCSA Mosaic which was a graphical browser running originally on Unix but soon ported to the Apple Macintosh and Microsoft Windows platforms. Version 1.0 was released in September 1993. Marc Andreessen, who was the leader of the Mosaic team at NCSA, quit to form a company that would later be known as Netscape Communications Corporation.
Netscape released its flagship Navigator product in October 1994, and it took off the next year. Microsoft, which had thus far not marketed a browser, now entered the fray with its Internet Explorer product, purchased from Spyglass Inc. This began what is known as the browser wars, the fight for the web browser market between Microsoft and Netscape.
The wars put the web in the hands of millions of ordinary PC users, but showed how commercialization of the web could stymie standards efforts. Both Microsoft and Netscape liberally incorporated proprietary extensions to HTML in their products, and tried to gain an edge by product differentiation. Starting with the acceptance of the Microsoft proposed Cascading Style Sheets over Netscape's JavaScript Style Sheets (JSSS) by W3C, the Netscape browser started being generally considered inferior to Microsoft's browser version after version, from feature considerations to application robustness to standard compliance. The wars effectively ended in 1998 when it became clear that Netscape's declining market share trend was irreversible. This trend may have been due in part to Microsoft's integrating its browser with its operating system and bundling deals with OEMs; Microsoft faced antitrust litigation on these charges.
Netscape responded by open sourcing its product, creating Mozilla. This did nothing to slow Netscape's declining market share. The company was purchased by America Online in late 1998. At first, the Mozilla project struggled to attract developers, but by 2002 it had evolved into a relatively stable and powerful internet suite. Mozilla 1.0 was released to mark this milestone. Also in 2002, a spin off project that would eventually become the popular Mozilla Firefox was released. In 2004, Firefox 1.0 was released; Firefox 1.5 was released in December 2005. As of 2005, Mozilla and its derivatives account for approximately 10% of web traffic.
Opera, an innovative, speedy browser popular in handheld devices, particularly mobile phones, as well as on PCs in some countries was released in 1996 and remains a niche player in the PC web browser market.
The Lynx browser remains popular for Unix shell users and with vision impaired users due to its entirely text-based nature. There are also several text-mode browsers with advanced features, such as Links and its forks such as ELinks.
While the Macintosh scene too has traditionally been dominated by Internet Explorer and Netscape, the future appears to belong to Apple's Safari which is based on Apple's WebKit layout engine, derived from the KHTML layout engine of the open source Konqueror browser. Safari is the default browser on Mac OS X.
In 2003, Microsoft announced that Internet Explorer would no longer be made available as a separate product but would be part of the evolution of its Windows platform, and that no more releases for the Macintosh would be made. However, more recently in early 2005, Microsoft changed its plans and announced that version 7 of Internet Explorer would be released for its Windows XP and Windows 2003 Server operating systems in addition to the upcoming "Windows Vista" operating system. [edit]
Features
Different browsers can be distinguished from each other by the features they support. Modern browsers and web pages tend to utilize many features and techniques that did not exist in the early days of the web. As noted earlier, with the browser wars there was a rapid and chaotic expansion of browser and World Wide Web feature sets.
The following is a list of some of the most notable features: [edit]
Standards support
* HTTP and HTTPS * HTML, XML and XHTML * Graphics file formats including GIF, PNG, JPEG, and SVG * Cascading Style Sheets * JavaScript (Dynamic HTML) * Cookie * Digital certificates * Favicons * RSS, Atom
[edit]
Fundamental features
* Bookmark manager * Caching of web contents * Support of media types via plugins such as Macromedia Flash and QuickTime
[edit]
Usability and accessibility features
* Autocompletion of URLs and form data * Tabbed browsing * Spatial navigation * Caret navigation * Screen reader or full speech support
* History of the Internet * Accessibility * Browser exploit * Microbrowser * Web application * List of web browsers * Offline Browser * Comparison of web browsers * Usage share of web browsers * Refreshing/reloading a page
[edit]
External links
* Browser timeline (1993-2001) * evolt.org - Browser Archive * Deja Vu: (re-)creating web history * iCapture - Safari "emulator" * Viewable with Any Browser: Campaign * Macintosh Web Browsers * MultiOS Browser Test * W3Schools Browser Statistics * What's my Browser?
Application software is a loosely defined subclass of computer software that employs the capabilities of a computer directly to a task that the user wishes to perform. This should be contrasted with system software which is involved in integrating a computer's various capabilities, but typically does not directly apply them in the performance of tasks that benefit the user. The term application refers to both the application software and its implementation.
A simple, if imperfect, analogy in the world of hardware would be the relationship of an electric light—an application—to an electric power generation plant—the system. The power plant merely generates electricity, itself not really of any use until harnessed to an application like the electric light which performs a service that the user desires.
The exact delineation between the operating system and application software is not precise, however, and is occasionally subject to controversy. For example, one of the key questions in the United States v. Microsoft antitrust trial was whether Microsoft's Internet Explorer web browser was part of its Windows operating system or a separable piece of application software. As another example, the GNU/Linux naming controversy is, in part, due to disagreement about the relationship between the Linux kernel and the Linux operating system.
Typical examples of software applications are word processors, spreadsheets and media player
Multiple applications bundled together as a package are sometimes referred to as an application suite. Microsoft Office and OpenOffice.org, which bundle together a word processor, a spreadsheet, and several other discrete applications, are typical examples. The separate applications in a suite usually have a user interface that has some commonality making it easier for the user to learn and use each application. And often they may have some capability to interact with each other in ways beneficial to the user. For example a spreadsheet might be able to be embedded in a word processor document even though it had been created in the separate spreadsheet application.
User software tailors systems to meet the user's specific needs. User software include spreadsheet templates, word processor macros, scientific simulations, graphics and animation scripts. Even email filters are a kind of user software. Users create this software themselves and often overlook how important it is.
In some types of embedded systems, the application software and the operating system software may be indistinguishable to the user, as in the case of software used to control a VCR, DVD player or Microwave oven. Contents [hide]
* 1 Application software classification o 1.1 Computer-mediated communication o 1.2 Multimedia o 1.3 Analytical software o 1.4 Collaborative software o 1.5 Business software o 1.6 Databases o 1.7 Other * 2 External links
[edit]
Application software classification Microsoft Word is a well-known example of application software Enlarge Microsoft Word is a well-known example of application software
See also: List of software applications
[edit]
Computer-mediated communication
* Email * Web browser
[edit]
Multimedia
* Media players * Graphics programs * Graphics file formats * Raster graphics * Vector graphics * 3D graphics * Art software * Computer games * Video editing software * Computer-aided design (CAD)
Add-ons are optional computer hardware or software modules that supplement or enhance the original unit they are adding on to. Also known as plugins, extensions, snap-ins, or various other vendor-specific names, these modules often have proprietary interfaces that are tightly held by the company that manufactured the original unit in order to prevent competing companies from producing add-ons.
For example, a network switch may ship with an unoccupied but non-standard port to accommodate various optional physical layer connectors, while games and productivity applications often use plug-in architectures which allow original and third-party publishers to add functionality. Web browsers use plug-ins to enable the presentation of new content formats without modifying the underlying web browser.
Manufacturers can use add-ons can to create vendor lock-in by limiting upgrade options to only those available from or endorsed by the original manufacturer. IBM's Micro Channel architecture, technically superior to Industry Standard Architecture as a way to add components to IBM PCs, largely failed to gain wide support due to the difficulty in getting certification for third-party devices.
Categories: Computer hardware | Software * excel add in * access add in * microsoft excel add in * word add in * outlook 2000 add in * add in children * powerpoint add in * outlook calendar add in * add in excel * visual studio add in * add user in linux * vb net add in * usb add in card * add in women * add in adults * visual studio net add in * frontpage add in * add in * vb add in * excel statistics add in * microsoft access add in * outlook com add in # excel # programs # outlook # c# # how to # pst # writing # mysql # spreadsheet # compiler # api # 95 # pocket # contact # project # advanced # pivot tables # personal folders # personal folder # spreadsheets # create # txt # pivot table # macro # office # reference # worksheet # vb # c # workbook # add ins # update # from # task # attachment # cours # xls # to # plugin # excell # charts # vlookup # inbox repair tool # agenda # cell # control # excel+ # table # e mail # xla # powerpoint # csharp # kalender # netscape # with # calendar # outlook express # form # vb6 # visual # newsgroup # xcel # problem # scanpst # windows forms # freeware # in # formulas # calculation # forms # dbx # forum # 97 # java # programming # xp # workbooks # tool # attachments # attach # repair # export # mozilla # microsoft # addins # mono # archive # office xp # how to use # basic # eudora # sdk # import # xl # chart # format # data # files # mailbox # solver # template # projects # ole # runtime # file # creating # templates # sharpdevelop # formatting # samples # messages # corrupt # sheets # applications # tips # unprotect # histogram # sql # add on # access # formula # tasks # stationary # examples # documentation # feiertage # header # function # worksheets # message # columns # easter eggs # faq # inbox # open source # cells # sheet # hotbar # help # imap # folders # convert # using # sql server # backup # visual studio net # query # contacts # developer # synchronize # email # msdn # win32 # prf # xml # database # mail # ms # stationery # asp # folder # source # mails # tutorials # hyperlink # vbscript # activex # ocx # pivot # 2000 # mfc # mapi # powerbuilder # c++ # ado # treeview # combobox # 6.0 These are popular queries that include your keyword. If you're showing your ads on broad-matched keywords, these queries may trigger your ads. To increase your clickthrough rate, you should consider replacing your general keywords with any relevant, more specific alternatives you see here. You should also identify any irrelevant terms and add them as negative matches (otherwise your ads will show for terms that don't pertain to your business). * add on * outlook add on * messenger add on * add on software * flight simulator add on * flight simulator 2002 add on * add on card * information on add * train simulator add on * msn messenger add on * excel add on * the sims add on * act add on * master add on * msn add on * usb add on * add on accessories * palm add on * add on cards * xp add on * mirc add on * sims speech add on * internet explorer add on * flight sim add on * outlook express add on * add on interest * aol add on * add on data * articles on add * microsoft train simulator add on * add on products * add on rooms * dead or alive 3 add on * powerpoint add on * browser add on * cannot add file on non branch tag * microsoft outlook add on * instant messenger add on * truck add on * visio add on * operation flashpoint add on * half life add on * info on add * flight sim 2002 add on * add en on * frontpage add on * microsoft flight simulator 2002 add on * fs 2002 add on * goldmine add on * doa3 add on * mozilla add on * the sims speech add on * ie add on * microsoft flight simulator add on * add on cruise control * msts add on * windows xp add on * yahoo messenger add on * autocad add on * add on room * morrowind add on * touch screen add on * add on motorcycle * exchange add on * website add on * battlefield 1942 add on * ghost recon add on * medal of honor add on * max payne add on * aol instant messenger add on * empire earth v2 0 add on patch * add on shower * add on window panes * thats life 2 add on for sims * cfs2 add on * train sim add on * flash add on * add on pools * hotmail add on * add on air conditioning * realflight add on * black hawk down master add on * research on add * irc add on * rpg maker 2000 add on * dead or alive 3 add on disc * flight simulator 2002 add on planes * yahoo add on * google add on * gta3 add on * web site add on * microsoft word add on * facts on add * neverwinter nights add on * add on distributing * add on drawer * microsoft flight simulator add on's * mugen add on * return to castle wolfenstein add on * add on inc * unimatic add on * winmx add on * zoo tycoon add on * power point add on * black hawk down add on * outlook calendar add on * add on grip * statistics on add * information on add adhd * add on systems * add on domains * empire earth add on * flight simulator 2002 add on aircraft * add on touch screen * windows messenger add on * nhl 2002 add on * windows media player add on * information on add and adhd * morrowind speech add on * nascar 2002 add on tracks * outlook 2002 add on * dark forces add on levels * storefront add on * trillian add on * where can i find information on add * add en on kennels * add on motorcycle accessories * age of empires add on * rtcw add on * age of mythology add on * icq add on * bhd master add on * aol im add on * microsoft gps add on * palm add on software * dead or alive 3 add on disk * midtown madness 2 add on cars * doa 3 add on disc * industry giant 2 add on * freedom force speech add on * fs2002 add on planes # adding on # flight simulator # train simulator # win2000 # msts # problem # troubleshooting # activities # no cd # patch # mirc # jedi knight 2 # fs2002 # dungeon siege # frame rate # latest # trainsim # multiple monitors # outlook # scenery # screenshot # ts # flight simulators # fs2004 # 2003 # trainz # upgrade # patches # contacts # demo # warez # exe # fs2000 # add ons # francais # microsof # pour # polaris # activity # cab # zip # ns # addons # airbus # f�r # german railroads # bot # freeware # no one lives forever # bug # popups # cabview # xtracks # flight sim # 1.3 # ita # bots # win xp # midtown madness 2 # diablo2 # deviance # system requirements # winace # 5.9 # addon # xp # 97 # 2000 # professional # 20002 # german # engine # cfs2 # fs9 # gmax # microsoft # warcraft 3 # route # deutsch # panels # rune # windows xp # sudden strike 2 # neverwinter nights # bve # scripts # winxp # loks # cracks # raven shield # zusi # train # black and white # mts # nhl 2003 # parche # flight # outlook express # 1.2 # fs # tram # wiggles # morrowind # big boy # system shock 2 # fs 2002 # mafia # nolf2 # consist # tribes 2 # update # multiplayer # updates # age of empires 2 # sim city 3000 # medal of honor # no one lives forever 2 # 2004 # arcanum # locomotives # locomotive # fix # soldier of fortune 2 # cockpit # simtrain # dungeon keeper 2 # patchs # sim city 4 # scripting # commandos 2 # grand prix 4 # concorde # downloads # max payne # age of mythology # ms # crimson skies # msfs # 5.91 # aircrafts # mrc
The Cable News Network, usually referred to as CNN, is a cable television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner[1] [2]. It is a division of the Turner Broadcasting System, owned by Time Warner. CNN introduced the concept of 24-hour television news coverage, and celebrated its 25th anniversary on June 1, 2005.
In terms of cumulative Nielsen ratings, CNN rates as America's #1 cable news network, however, it is superseded by Fox News in long-term viewers. (cite?) CNN broadcasts primarily from its headquarters at the CNN Center in Atlanta, and from studios in New York City and Washington, DC. As of December 2004, it is available in 88.2 million U.S. households and more than 890,000 U.S. hotel rooms. Globally, the network has combined branded networks and services that are available to more than 1.5 billion people in over 212 countries and territories.
History
Since CNN's launch on June 1, 1980, the network has expanded its reach to a number of cable and satellite television networks (such as CNN Headline News), 12 web sites, two private place-based networks (such as CNN Airport Network), and two radio networks. The network has 42 bureaus around the world and more than 900 affiliates worldwide. CNN has launched many regional and foreign-language networks around the world. CNN debuted its news website CNN.com (then referred to as CNN Interactive) on August 30, 1995.
CNN's global reputation was greatly enhanced in 1991 during the Gulf War, where its saturation coverage was carried around the world. However controversy arose years later when Eason Jordan, chief news executive of CNN, admitted that CNN had kept quiet about some of Saddam Hussein's atrocities and threats in order to keep its Baghdad Bureau open. CNN's integrity and bias came under fire during the 2004 U.S. Presidential Election, when two of Presidential candidate John Kerry's advisors, Paul Begala and James Carville, were allowed to host CNN's Crossfire show during the election. In an effort to quell another blossoming controversy, Eason Jordan resigned from CNN on February 11, 2005, after making defamatory innuendo suggesting that the U.S. military was "targeting" journalists in Iraq.
A television movie, Live from Baghdad, was later made about the network's coverage of the war. Coverage of this and other conflicts and crises of the early 1990s (including, perhaps most famously, the Battle of Mogadishu) led to the coining of the term "the CNN effect", which testified to the perceived impact its pioneering real time, 24 hour news coverage had in influencing the decision-making processes of the American government.
CNN International now provides regional editions of its news service in response to foreign demand for less U.S.-centric news coverage, rivaling services such as BBC World (CNN's main global competitor). CNN International uses local reporters in many of its news-gathering centers, though they cover stories from an international (some would still say U.S.) perspective.
On September 11, 2001, CNN was the first network to break news of what would prove to be the September 11 attacks. Anchor Carol Lin was on the air at that time. Paula Zahn Enlarge Paula Zahn
CNN launched two specialty news channels for the American market which would later close amid competitive pressure: CNNSI shut down in 2002, and CNNfn shut down after nine years on the air in December 2004.
CNN has also been parodied. See for instance, Groland and CNNNN. Many movies outside of the Turner Broadcasting Network also mention CNN in their storylines. Ted Turner doesn't mind as long as they don't use CNN for promotional purposes or for malicious use.
The most famous station ID is a five-second musical jingle with James Earl Jones's simple but classic line, "This is CNN." Jones' voice can still be heard today in updated station IDs.
The term "CNNing" [3] is sometimes used to refer to how television news has become "news entertainment" by focusing on celebrity, ratings, storylines, and spectacle, as well as on its own authority and corporate-related products and features.
The most widely-used slogan at time of writing is "The Most Trusted Name In News".
On March 21, 2006, The Gallup polling company has dropped CNN as its outlet for electronic distribution, due in part to CNN's lower ratings. [4] [edit]
Management
The current President of CNN/U.S. is Jonathan Klein. He was appointed in November 2004. [edit]
CNN shows [edit]
Current CNN shows American Morning anchors Miles O'Brien and Soledad O'Brien. Enlarge American Morning anchors Miles O'Brien and Soledad O'Brien.
* American Morning - The network's morning news program, airing from 6-10am ET. Hosted by former NBC News anchor Soledad O'Brien and Miles O'Brien. Carol Costello provides news updates. * The Situation Room- A fast-paced look at the day's top stories, focusing on politics and homeland security. Anchored by Wolf Blitzer. Airs weekdays from 4-6pm ET and from 7-8 pm ET. * Lou Dobbs Tonight - A nightly news and discussion program airing live at 6pm ET weeknights; evolved from Moneyline, a nightly business newscast. * Paula Zahn Now - A look at the current issues affecting the world, with former CBS and Fox News anchor Paula Zahn. Airing at 8pm ET weeknights. * Larry King Live - A nightly talk program that airs daily at 9pm ET and reruns 12am-1am ET. * Anderson Cooper 360° - A fast-paced, nightly news program with former ABC News reporter Anderson Cooper. Airs weekdays from 10pm-12am ET, and reruns 1am-3am ET. * Late Edition with Wolf Blitzer - CNN's political talk show, similar to CBS's "Face the Nation" or NBC's "Meet the Press." Airs from 11:00 a.m. - 1:00 p.m. EST on Sundays.
* CNN Live Today / CNN Live Saturday / CNN Live Sunday - A daily look at what's making news airing live from Atlanta at 10am ET on weekdays and various times on the weekends. Hosted by Daryn Kagan on weekdays and Fredricka Whitfield on weekends. * Live From... - A lively look at the day's stories airing live from Atlanta at 1pm ET. Hosted by Kyra Phillips. * CNN Saturday Morning/CNN Sunday Morning - The network's weekend morning news program, airing at 7am ET. Hosted by Betty Nguyen and Tony Harris. * CNN Saturday Night/CNN Sunday Night - The network's weekend evening news program, airing at 6pm ET and 10pm ET. Hosted by Carol Lin. * CNN Presents - A program that hosts various documentaries and productions. Airs on weekends. * House Call - A medically oriented program, hosted by Dr. Sanjay Gupta. Airs on weekends. * On The Story- CNN's interactive "week-in-review" ; series featuring an in-depth look at the story behind some of the week's biggest stories. Anchored by Ali Velshi.
[edit]
Former CNN shows
* The Capital Gang - One of cable news' longest running programs, focusing on political news. Original panelists included Pat Buchanan, Al Hunt, Mark Shields, and Robert Novak. When Buchanan left the network to run for president, Margaret Carlson and then Kate O'Beirne became regular panelists. The Capital Gang aired Saturday nights at 7pm ET from 1988 to 2005. * Crossfire - A political debate program, consisting of views from left-wing and right-wing ideologies, that aired during primetime and daytime until mid-2005. Former hosts included Robert Novak, Tucker Carlson, James Carville, Paul Begala, Pat Buchanan, Geraldine Ferraro, Bay Buchanan, and Donna Brazile. Crossfire was discontinued in 2005, with Klein denouncing the show as "just two men screaming at each other." The demise of Crossfire is generally attributed to an interview with comedian Jon Stewart. * Next@CNN - A scientific and technology oriented program hosted by Daniel Sieberg. Aired on weekends. Despite its cancellation on CNN in the US, the show continues to air new episodes on CNN International. * Inside Politics - A political program that aired from 3:30–5pm ET weekdays. * Wolf Blitzer Reports - A daily look at the day's stories that aired live from Washington at 5pm ET. * NewsNight With Aaron Brown - A hard-news program anchored by Aaron Brown which took an in-depth look at the main U.S. and international stories of the day. Was axed from CNN's schedule on November 5th, 2005, leading to Brown's immediate resignation from the network. * CNN Daybreak - A first look at the day's stories that aired live from New York at 5am ET.
[edit]
CNN specialized channels
* CNN Airport Network * CNN en Español * CNNfn (Financial network, closed in December 2004) * CNN Headline News * CNN International * CNN Pipeline (24-hour multi-channel broadband online news service) * CNN Plus (CNN+, a partner network in Spain, launched in 1999 with Sogecable) * CNN Sports Illustrated (a.k.a. CNNSI), the network's all-sports channel, closed in 2002. * CNN Turk * CNN-IBN An Indian newschannel. * CNNj
[edit]
CNN personalities [edit]
Past
* Natalie Allen -(Now with MSNBC) * Peter Arnett * Jane Arraf * Sharyl Attkisson - (Now with CBS News) * Rudi Bakhtiar - (FOX News Channel) * Bobbie Battista - (retired) * Ralph Begleiter * Jason Bellini - (Now with Logo) * Charles Bierbauer * Mike Boettcher - (Now with NBC News) * Rym Brahimi(retired) * Aaron Brown
* Pat Buchanan - (FOX News Channel) * Tucker Carlson - (Now with MSNBC) * Joie Chen - (Now with CBS News) * Connie Chung -(Now with MSNBC) * Wesley Clark -(FOX News Channel) * Reid Collins * Chris Curle * Don Farmer * David Goodnow * Nick Gregory - (Now with WNYW-Fox)
* Leon Harris(Now with WJLA-TV) * Don Harrison - (deceased) * Lois Hart * James Hattori - (Now with NBC News) * Bill Hemmer - (FOX News Channel) * Maria Hinojosa - (Now with "Now" on PBS) * John Holliman - (deceased) * Jan Hopkins * Sachi Koto (left in 2005) * Lawrence Kudlow -(Now with CNBC)
* Greg Lamont -(Now with KULR-8 Billings Montana) * Tumi Makgabo * Miguel Marquez * Jim Moret * Robert Novak - (FOX News Channel) * Christina Park * Veronica Pedrosa - (Now with Al-Jazeera International) * Gene Randall * Dallas Reines * Maria Ressa * Susan Rook(retired) * Sonia Ruseler * Lynne Russell(retired) * Martin Savidge (Now with NBC News)
* Daniel Schorr-(Now with NPR as Senior News Analyst) * Bella Shaw * Bernard Shaw(retired) * Flip Spiceland-(Now with WXIA-NBC) * Kathleen Sullivan * Greta Van Susteren - (FOX News Channel) * Dave Walker * Lou Waters * Mary Alice Williams - (Now with WCBS News Radio) * Judy Woodruff(retired)
[edit]
Present
* Christiane Amanpour * Becky Anderson * Brooke Anderson * Guillermo Arduino * Kelli Arena * Terry Baddoo * Dana Bash * Paul Begala * Todd Benjamin * Satinder Bindra * Jim Bittermann * Wolf Blitzer * Jim Boulden * Andrew Brown * Josie Burke * Chris Burns * Diego Bustos * Sean Callebs * Jack Cafferty * Catherine Callaway * Susan Candiotti * Margaret Carlson * Jason Carroll
* James Carville * Matthew Chance * Allan Chernoff * Ryan Chilcote * Mike Chinoy * Alina Cho * Rosemary Church * Jim Clancy * Elizabeth Cohen * Heidi Collins * Anderson Cooper * Carol Costello * Candy Crowley * Veronica De La Cruz * Lou Dobbs * Deborah Feyerick * Tom Foreman * Delia Gallagher * Liz George * Hala Gorani * Jeff Greenfield * Dr. Sanjay Gupta * Thelma Gutierrez * Mike Hanna * Tony Harris
* Erica Hill * Michael Holmes * Al Hunt * Jacqui Jeras * Daryn Kagan * Mallika Kapur * John King * Larry King * Jeff Koinange * Andrea Koppel * Howard Kurtz * Maggie Lake * Ed Lavandera * Chris Lawrence * Carol Lin * Dan Lothian * Suzanne Malveaux * Jonathan Mann * Colleen McEdwards * Rob Marciano * David Mattingly * Jamie McIntyre * Jeanne Meserve * Ana Maria Montero * Jeanne Moos
* Chad Myers * Octavia E. Nasr * Betty Nguyen * Robin Oakley * Kate O'Beirne * Miles O'Brien * Soledad O'Brien * Christi Paul * Karl Penhaul * Kyra Phillips * Kitty Pilgrim * Richard Quest * Aneesh Raman * Anjali Rao * Hugh Rimington * John Roberts * Nic Robertson * Christine Romans * Richard Roth * Ted Rowlands * Brent Sadler * Rick Sanchez * Jacki Schechner * Bill Schneider * Andrew Serwer * Mark Shields * Atika Shubert
* Daniel Sieberg * Mary Snow * Barbara Starr * Lisa Sylvester * Abbi Tatton * Jeffrey Toobin(political analyst) * Gary Tuchman * Adaora Udoji * Alphonso Van Marsh * Sibila Vargas * John Vause * Ali Velshi * Zain Verjee * Alessio Vinci * Kelly Wallace * Carlos Watson * Ben Wedeman * Harris Whitbek * Fredricka Whitfield * Gerri Willis * Kareen Wynter * Eunice Yoon * Paula Zahn * John Zarrella
[edit]
CNN Bureaus
Note: Boldface indicates that they are CNN's original bureaus, meaning they have been in operation since the network's founding.
[edit]
CNN Bureaus within United States
* Atlanta (Headquarters) * Boston * Chicago * Dallas * Detroit * Los Angeles
* Miami * New Orleans (opened in 2005 following Hurricane Katrina) * New York City * San Francisco * Washington, DC
[edit]
CNN Bureaus outside United States
* Baghdad, Iraq * Bangkok, Thailand * Berlin, Germany * Beijing, China * Beirut, Lebanon * Buenos Aires, Argentina * Cairo, Egypt * Dubai, United Arab Emirates * Havana, Cuba * Hong Kong, China * Islamabad, Pakistan * Jakarta, Indonesia * Jerusalem, Israel
* London, United Kingdom * Mexico City, Mexico * Moscow, Russia * New Delhi, India * Rome, Italy * Seoul, South Korea
[edit]
Similar networks
The CNN format has been replicated by other cable news services (year of launch in parentheses):
* ABC News Now (2004) * ABS-CBN News Channel (1994) * Al-Arabiya (2003) * Al Jazeera (1996) * BBC News 24 (1997) * BBC World (1995) * CBC Newsworld (1989) * CBS Telenoticias (no longer a news network; known as Telemundo Internacional since 2000) * CNBC (1989) * CNN Airport Network (1992) * CNN en Español (1997) * CNNfn (1995; closed 2004) * CNN Headline News (1982) * CNN International (1985) * CNN Pipeline (2005) * CNN Plus (1999) * CNN/SI (CNN/Sports Illustrated) (1996; closed 2002) * CNN Turk * Court TV (1991) * ESPNEWS (1996) * Euronews (1993) * ITV News Channel (2000; closed 2005) * LCI (1994) * MSNBC (1996) * Noticias ECO (1988; closed 2001) * Satellite News Channel (1982; acquired by CNN and closed in 1983) * Sky News (1989) * TVE Canal 24 Horas * TVN24 (2001) * The Weather Channel (1982)
[edit]
See also
* Breaking news * CNN effect * CNN controversies and allegations of bias
[edit]
External links
* Official Site (U.S. Edition) * CNN International * New Georgia Encyclopedia: CNN * CNNfan.org * MSNBCNN.com - a digest of RSS feeds from MSNBC and CNN
Time Warner Inc.
Corporate Directors: Jim Barksdale | Steve Bollenbach | Frank Caufield | Robert Clark | Jessica Einhorn | Miles Gilburne | Carla Hills | Reuben Mark | Michael Miles | Ken Novack | Richard Parsons | Ted Turner | Francis Vincent | Deborah Wright
America Online: AOL Instant Messenger | CompuServe | ICQ | MapQuest | Mirabilis | Netscape | Nullsoft | Singingfish | Weblogs, Inc. | Winamp Time Inc.: Business 2.0 | Entertainment Weekly | Fortune | IPC Media Ltd. | Money | NME | People | Popular Science | Sports Illustrated | TIME magazine | Time Warner Book Group | Wallpaper* Turner Broadcasting System: Atlanta Braves | Boomerang | Cartoon Network | Cartoon Network (UK) | Cartoon Network Studios | CNN | CNN Airport Network | CNN en Español | CNN Headline News | CNN International | CNN Pipeline | CNN.com | Court TV | TBS | TNT | TNT Latin America | Turner Classic Movies | Turner South | WTBS Warner Bros. Entertainment: | Dark Castle Entertainment | DC Comics | Warner Bros. Television | The WB (to be The CW in 9/2006, co-owned with CBS) | Turner Entertainment | Castle Rock Entertainment Time Warner Cable: Capital News 9 | News 10 Now | News 14 Carolina | NY1 | R News | Road Runner | SportsNet New York (part ownership) | WRWB Rochester's WB 16 Premium Cable Channels: Cinemax | HBO Other Studio Assets: New Line Cinema | Picturehouse Annual Revenue: $42.1 billion USD (11% FY 2004) | Employees: 84,900 | Stock Symbol: NYSE: TWX | Website: www.timewarner.com
A sport consists of a physical and mentally competitive activity carried out with a recreational purpose for competition, for self-enjoyment, to attain excellence, for the development of a skill, or some combination of these. A sport has physical activity, side by side competition, self-motivation and a scoring system. The difference of purpose is what characterises sport, combined with the notion of individual (or team) skill or prowess.
History of sport
The development of sport throughout history teaches us a great deal about social changes, and about the nature of sport itself.
There are many modern discoveries in France, Africa, and Australia of cave art (see, for example, Lascaux) from prehistory which provide evidence of ritual ceremonial behaviour. Some of these sources date from over 30,000 years ago, as established by carbon dating. Although there is scant direct evidence of sport from these sources, it is reasonable to extrapolate that there was some activity at these times resembling sport.
There are artifacts and structures which suggest that Chinese people engaged in activities which meet our definition of sport as early as 4000 BC. Gymnastics appears to have been a popular sport in China's past. Monuments to the Pharaohs indicate that a range of sports were well developed and regulated several thousands of years ago, including swimming and fishing. Other sports included javelin throwing, high jump, and wrestling. Ancient Persian sports such as the traditional Iranian martial art of Zourkhaneh had a close connection to the warfare skills. Among other sports which originate in Persia are polo and jousting.
A wide range of sports were already established at the time of the Ancient Greece. Wrestling, running, boxing, javelin, discus throwing, and chariot racing were prevalent. This suggests that the military culture of Greece was an influence on the development of its sports and vice versa. The Olympic Games were held every four years in Ancient Greece, at a small village in Pelopponisos called Olympia.
Sport has been increasingly organised and regulated from the time of the Ancient Olympics up to the present century. Activities necessary for food and survival became regulated activities done for pleasure or competition on an increasing scale, for example hunting, fishing, horticulture. The Industrial Revolution and mass production brought increased leisure which allowed increases in spectator sports, less elitism in sports, and greater accessibility. These trends continued with the advent of mass media and global communication. Professionalism became prevalent, further adding to the increase in sport's popularity. Not only has professionalism helped increase the popularity of sports, but additionally the need to have fun and take a break from a hectic workday or to relieve unwanted stress, as with any profession. [edit]
A classification of sports
Main article: List of sports
One system for classifying sports is as follows, based more on the sport's aim than on the actual mechanics. The examples given are intended to be illustrative, rather than comprehensive. [edit]
Sportsmanship is defined as "conduct and attitude considered as befitting participants, including a sense of fair play, courtesy toward teammates and opponents, a striving spirit, and grace in losing."
It is interesting that the motivation for sport is often an elusive element. For example, beginners in are often told that dinghy racing is a good means to sharpen the learner's sailing skills. However, it often emerges that skills are honed to increase racing performance and achievements in competition, rather than the converse. Sportsmanship expresses an aspiration or ethos that the activity will be enjoyed for its own sake. The well-known sentiment by sports journalist Grantland Rice, that it's “not that you won or lost but how you played the game," and the Modern Olympic creed expressed by its founder Pierre de Coubertin: "The most important thing . . . is not winning but taking part” are typical expressions of this sentiment.
But often the pressures of competition (See the related article, "Winning isn't everything; it's the only thing." or an obsession with individual achievement - as well as the intrusion o
