Description from Sierra Trading Post: Resistol cowboy hats are hand-made one at a time, which means no two are identical. Your hat takes on its own personality and becomes uniquely yours. A fine blend of fur and felt. Wear the legend... it's not just a purchase, it's an investment! Self-conforming sweat band. Round oval. Brim: 4” Height: 5-3/8” CLOSEOUTS . USA.
The Western cowboy hat is recognized around the world as part of "cowboy" lore. It is the defining piece of equipment in Western wear. In the early days, it was valued for being functional, with the wide brim protecting working cowboys from the sun and rain. It could be used to signal others, fan a campfire, swat a horse or pull water out of a stream. Today, while the hats can still serve these purposes, most wear them for aesthetic value as a part of Western lifestyle. A cowboy hat even appears on the flag of Calgary, Alberta.
The shape of a cowboy hat depends very much on the region that it originated from. It is said that you can tell where a working cowboy is from just by looking at the crease in their hat.
John B. Stetson is credited with designing and marketing the first cowboy hat, which he called the "Boss of the Plains."
Description from HSN Improvements: Enjoy a cozy fire with this freestanding ventless gas fireplace that produces up to 22,000-BTU. Great for cool summer nights as well as bitter cold winter days. Add heat and ambiance to a finished basement, sun room, glazed porch, addition, or any room without a fireplace; use instead of inefficient gas logs. Save money too, with its 99.9% heat efficiency, since heat goes into the room, not up a chimney. Needs only 6" back clearance in addition to its already shallow 11-1⁄2" depth. Works with natural or LP propane gas (simply connect to available gas line); no electricity needed, so it works during a power failure. Features oxygen sensor that shuts fireplace off immediately if home oxygen levels get too low. Includes front grill, handpainted ceramic log set, piezo-ignition pilot light.
Whether you're a sneaker fanatic, or just shopping for some new athletic shoes, you probably don't need me to tell you that Puma shoes are hot. Combining the coolest styles, comfortability and functionality, shoes from Puma consistently top the wish lists of sneaker fans. In no particular order, here are a few top picks in men's shoes from Puma.
1) "Grit Cat" - Smooth Street Shoes The "Grit Cat" is one sweet street shoe. Offered here in oatmeal with dusky green trim, this low-top sneaker features soft uppers for great fit and comfort. Compare Prices
2) Roma PF EXT - 1960s Repro Shoes The Roma PF EXT is a reproduction of vintage 1960s trainers, and is absolutely awesome. With uppers of full grain leather, and a rubber outsole, these shoes are available in a super-retro white/slate combo, or an ultra-clean white and green combination.
3) Teku Suede Shoes - Awesome Colors! These "Teku" shoes are a take on retro handball shoes. With gum rubber, non-marking outsoles and suede uppers, these sneakers are not only cool in style, but are also offered in some of the hottest colors going - black with white; blue with white; and an ultra-cool red with white. These shoes are super hot. Buy Direct
4) "Basket Super" - Retro High Tops These Pumas are classic basketball sneakers. Though first introduced in 1972, the "Basket Super" is so 1980s to me, that it nearly makes me want to cry. Nonetheless, these shoes are all the rage, and if classic high tops are your thing, you'll love the "Basket Super." Buy Direct
5) Repli Cat Mid III S - Motorsport Shoes Featuring a velcro closure and mid-high uppers, these shoes are billed as a must for motorsports, but are so sweet-looking, I think anyone would want a pair. Available in a dusky blue with white, or a bright red with white, you'll definitely want to check out these shoes. Buy Direct
6) Frankenclyde - Old-School Pumas The Frankenclyde shoes are absolutely irresistible. These shoes are inspired by old-school basketball sneakers, and are an absolute must-have for sneaker freaks. Compare Prices
7) H. Street - For Track and Style These shoes combine the features of a distance track spike and a stylish, street-smart sneaker. With breathable mesh and synthetic leather uppers, Puma's H. Street shoes are offered in five awesome color combinations, including chili pepper and prism violet. If meshy, track shoes are your bag, you'll love these Puma shoes.
Olde Thompson Flower-Style 20-Jar Spice Rack Spice rack resembling a flower is blooming with jars of spices. Attractive chrome spice rack has 20 chrome and glass jars. Dishwasher safe. ... Add to Shopping List
$40 - $60 Compare 19 prices KitchenArt Carousel Spice Rack The KITCHENART "Carousel Spice Rack" offers an effective way to store and dispense spices. Its unique carousel design gives you easy access ... Add to Shopping List
$22 - $58 Compare 19 prices Revolving Spice Rack - 20 Spices -- Black/Chrome 15.25 ... ... Stacks: Spice up your kitchen with this 20 jar revolving spice rack! ... Stainless steel, chrome and black accents give the spice rack an ... Add to Shopping List
$48 - $60 Compare 11 prices Chromeworks 16-jar Revolving Spice Rack 64856 You'll enjoy the spice of life with this chrome revolving spice rack. Great for on the counter or in a cabinet. ... Add to Shopping List
$30 - $60 Compare 34 prices Polder 18-bottle Spice Rack Almost every spice imaginable can be stored in this three-tiered rack! The wavy shelf pattern provides a cradle for the jars - six on each ... Add to Shopping List
$14 - $22 Compare 11 prices Revolving Spice Rack - Spice Rack Refillable glass bottles Rack and bottle lids are chrome plated steel Rack has ball bearings for smooth turning Bottles are dishwasher-safe. Add to Shopping List
$19 - $40 Compare 18 prices Distressed White Wood Spice Rack Spice up your kitchen with a "shabby elegance" spice rack! Lovely carved flowers and flourishes decorate. Two tiers. ... Add to Shopping List
$7.45 - $18 Compare 16 prices Brushed Stainless Steel Spice Rack Spice racks are a great way maximize your kitchen or drawer space.This 12-bottle rack stores all of the essentials out in the open for easy ... Add to Shopping List
$32 - $50 Compare 11 prices Metro Stainless Steel 20-jar Revolving Spice Rack This revolving spice rack is made of stainless steel accents. Great for on the counter or in a cabinet. Glass jars have removable sifter tops ... Add to Shopping List
$30 - $40 Compare 2 prices Sugar Maple Carousel Spice Rack with 48 Spice Bottles This JK Adams 48-bottle carousel spice rack boasts a smooth, ball bearing rotation for fingertip access to herbs and spices. ... Add to Shopping List
ThinkPad is the brand name for a highly successful range of portable laptop and notebook computers currently manufactured and marketed by Lenovo, which purchased the IBM PC division in early 2005. Traditionally black in color, ThinkPads feature innovations such as the TrackPoint pointing device, Thinklight, an LED keyboard light put on the top of the LCD screen, solidly constructed keyboards (including the fold-out butterfly keyboard on the 701 models), the Active Protection System, a device that detects when a ThinkPad is falling and shuts the hard drive down to prevent damage, and biometric fingerprint reader. ThinkPads have a reputation mostly for being solidly built and dependable.
The ThinkPad name was inspired by the leather-bound pocket notebooks issued to all IBM employees with the corporate motto 'Think' embossed on the cover. IBM's corporate naming team was initially against using the ThinkPad name since all previous IBM computers were referred to by model numbers rather than names. However, the popularity of the ThinkPad brand with the press convinced IBM to retain the name.
Design work on the first ThinkPads was done at IBM's Yamato Design Center in Japan. The clean black lines of the ThinkPad were inspired by Shōkadō bentō, a traditional black-lacquered Japanese lunch box. IBM launched the ThinkPad line in 1992 with the ThinkPad 700. The original ThinkPad was a tablet computer, without a keyboard. It featured a monochrome LCD screen, 40 MB flash memory (instead of hard disk), with PenPoint OS from Go, and handwriting recognizer from IBM. The keyboard version with Microsoft Windows 3.1 was next and sold for US$4,350, weighed 3 kg (6.5 lb), and had dimensions of 2.2 by 11.7 by 8.3 inches (56 by 297 by 210 mm). It featured a 10.4 inch (264 mm) LCD (the largest at that time), a 25 MHz 386SX processor, a 120 MB hard disk drive, and an easy-to-use keyboard featuring the TrackPoint pointing device. The bright red TrackPoint, embedded in the keyboard, enabled the notebook to be used on an airline tray table without a mouse. Although the tablet version was not commercially successful, the ThinkPad Tablet and Apple Newton were the beginning of PDAs and mobile computing.
ThinkPad model types
The following is a list of various recent families of ThinkPad models.
* ThinkPad A: All-in-one notebook, heavy, large, three drive bays total of which two are swappable bays. Discontinued. Some of the "p" models were the first Thinkpads available with a 15 inch UXGA "FlexView" display. * ThinkPad G: Desktop replacement machines built around desktop processors, large and heavy with limited battery runtime. Discontinued in 2005. * ThinkPad i Series: Budget consumer series notebooks manufactured by Acer under license from IBM. Discontinued.
* ThinkPad R: Consumer notebook with two internal bays, one of which is swappable. There are now 'mobile workstation' configurations to replace the A series. * ThinkPad S: Subnotebook, extremely small and light, produced for Japanese market only. * ThinkPad T: Thin and light notebook aimed at the corporate market. Two internal drives, one of which is swappable. * ThinkPad X: Subnotebook, very small and light, hard drive internal, no internal optical drive, 12" screen. A tablet version (X41 Tablet) [1] was introduced in June of 2005. * ThinkPad Z: The first ThinkPad intended for entertainment with wide-screen display, also the first ThinkPad that was introduced by Lenovo after the acquisition of IBM's facilities. In production since 2005.
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Model specific information
* ThinkPad 235 o Type 2607, or the Japan-only ThinkPad 235, is an interesting product because it is a progeny of the IBM/Ricoh RIOS project. Also known as Clavius or Chandra2, it contains unusual features like the presence of 3 PCMCIA slots and the use of dual Camcorder batteries as a source of power. Features an Intel Pentium MMX 233 MHz CPU, support for up to 160 MB of EDO memory, and a built-in 2.5 inch hard drive with UDMA support. Hitachi markets Chandra2 as the Prius Note 210.
* ThinkPad 300 series o The 300 series (300, 310, 350, 360, 365, 380, 385, 390 (all with various sub-series)) was a long running value series starting at the 486SX-25 all the way to the Pentium III 450. They were a bit large and slower than the more full featured models but offered a less expensive ThinkPad.
* ThinkPad 500 series o The 500 series (500, 510, 560(E, X, Z), 570(E)) were the main line of the ultraportable ThinkPads. Starting with the 486SX2-50 Blue lightening to the Pentium III 500, these machines had only a hard disk onboard. Any other drives were external (or in the 570's case in the ultrabase).
* ThinkPad 600 series o The 600 series (600, 600E and 600X) are the direct predecessors of the T series, and are legendary for their portability and sturdy construction. The 600 series packed a 12.1" SVGA or a 13.3" XGA TFT LCD, Pentium MMX, Pentium II or III processor, full sized keyboard, and optical bay into a package weighing roughly 2.3 kg (5 lb). IBM was able to create this light, fully featured machine by using lightweight but strong carbon fibre composite plastics.
* ThinkPad 700 series o The 700 series (700, 701, 730 (tablet), 750, 755, 760, 765, 770 (many with sub-models)) were the cutting edge Intel-based ThinkPads. They featured the best screens, largest hard drives and fastest processors available at the time.
* ThinkPad 800 series o The Power PC ThinkPad series, (800/820/821/822/823/850/ 851/860) were unique in that they ran on the PowerPC architecture, and not the x86 architecture. They all used the PowerPC 603e CPU, at speeds of 100MHz, or 166MHz in the 860 model. The 800 may have used a 603, and it is unclear if the 800 was experimental or not. All units used SCSI 2 instead of IDE. The units are believed to have all been extremely expensive, as the 850 cost upwards of $12,000 USD. The 800 series can run Windows NT 3.5 (probably 4.0 as well), OS/2, AIX 4.14, Solaris Desktop 2.5.1 PowerPC Edition and possibly Linux.
* ThinkPad Transnote o The IBM Transnote was a pen based PC in a notebook. Data could be entered through the keyboard, TrackPoint, paper notepad (with writing sensor below), or the screen via stylus. This ThinkPad expanded on IBM's previous pen based notebooks (360P(E), 730T(E), and 755(P)).
* ThinkPad T2x series (T20, T21, T22, T23) o Pentium III Mobile, sub-5 lb (2.3 kg) class machines. Contained processors ranging from 0.18 micrometre PIIIM 700 MHz to 0.13 micrometre PIIIM 1+ GHz. Typically had 14.1 inch XGA screens, Ultrabay 2000 optical drives, S3 Savage/IX-MV graphics chip and Cirrus Logic CS 4614/22/24 sound chips; although variations along the line existed. Introduced the Thinklight, a LED mounted inside the upper screen lip and illuminating the keyboard (activated with Fn-PgUp, the extreme diagonal keys); and titanium-reinforced screen lids. Used miniPCI form factor cards, which could be modem and/or ethernet. With the T23, an internal wi-fi antenna became available, so wi-fi miniPCI cards could be used. Did not contain the active hard drive protection, or touchpad & trackpoint combination pointing devices which appeared in later models. T series ThinkPads were clad in black non-slip rubber with embedded glitter. The case lid had tabs along the edge that interlocked with depressions in the lower case when closed, to reduce case flexing. Comparatively more stylish, functional, and rugged machines; and easy to disassemble for repair or upgrades.
* ThinkPad T3x series o Solely includes the T30 model. Features include an Intel Mobile Pentium 4 processor ranging from 1.6 GHz to 2.4 GHz. Graphics were provided by a Radeon 7500 driver running on 16 MB of discrete video memory. The T30 was available with a 14.1 inch screen, with resolutions of 1024 x 768 and 1400 x 1050. Features available include the imbedded security subsystem, UltraNav touchpad, 256MB standard memory, a 20, 40 or 60GB hard disk, Ultrabay Plus drive, wireless, and Bluetooth. The shell is titanium reinforced composite. The whole package was a bit heavier and thicker than the T4x series.
* ThinkPad T4x series o Includes the T40, T41, T42, T43, and associated "p" series (for "performance"; e.g., T43p). A typical T4x weighs 2.2 kg (4.9 lb), slightly less than the 600 series, and features an Intel Pentium M Processor (ranging from the Intel Pentium M at 1.3 GHz to the Intel Pentium M 770 at 2.13 GHz), a 14.1 or 15 inch LCD (XGA, SXGA+), an integrated GPU (Intel Graphics Media Adapter 900) or a discrete GPU (Radeon 7500, 9000, Fire GL 9000, 9600, Fire GL T2, X300, and Fire GL V3200), and a hard drive ranging in size from 30 to 100 GB with the Active Protection System to protect the hard drive (T41 and later models). "p" (mobile workstation) models are also available with a 14" SXGA+ or a 15 inch UXGA FlexView display with wide viewing angle and high density IPS technology with resolutions up to 1600x1200. These 15 inch display models weigh slightly more than their lesser brethren, with optical drive and battery, at 2.7 kg (5.9 lb). Some T42 and T43 models feature a biometric security system with built-in fingerprint reader.
* ThinkPad T6x series o Includes, as of 2006, the T60; intended as the next generation of the T4x Series Thinkpads; this is the first T Series Thinkpad to include the Intel Dual Core "Yonah" Technology.
* ThinkPad X2x series (X20, X21, X22, X23, X24) o Pentium III Mobile, sub-4 lb machines. Contained processors ranging from PIIIM 500 MHz to PIIIM 1+ GHz. 12.1 inch XGA screens, and ATi Rage Mobility M1 (X20, X21) or Radeon Mobility M6 (X22, X23, X24) graphics chips. Used miniPCI form factor cards, which supports modem and/or ethernet. With the X22 and later machines, provisions for wireless networking support are built into the chassis. Ultrabay 2000 optical drive support can be fitted via the Ultrabase portable docking station option, and extended batteries can give the series a 5 hour running time.
* ThinkPad X3x series (X30, X31, X32) o Pentium III Mobile (X30), Pentium M Banias (X31) or Pentium M Dothan (X32), 12.1 inch XGA screens, dedicated Graphic Chip (Ati M6 with 16MB, which means no shared memory is cut from your RAM), Bluetooth on some models (upgradable), WLAN (b, b/g or even a/b/g), FireWire, Compact Flash card slot. No built-in optical drive. Lots of options like second Battery, Mediaslice (for Battery and Ultrabay), Portreplicators, Dockingstations (some with a PCI Slot)
* ThinkPad X4x Series o An example of the lightweight X series, weighing in at 1.2 kg (2.7 lb), 25% lighter than its predecessor, the X31. [2]
* ThinkPad X6x Series o Includes, as of 2006, the X60; intended as the next generation of the X6x Series Thinkpads; this is the first X Series ThinkPad to feature Intel "Yonah" Dual Core Technology.
[edit]
Lenovo UltraBay The Japanese lunchbox that inspired the ThinkPad design Enlarge The Japanese lunchbox that inspired the ThinkPad design
UltraBay is Lenovo's name for the swappable drive slot. Introduced on the 750 series ThinkPads, this technology has gone through redesigns with almost every new generation of ThinkPad, possibly leading to some confusion that is hopefully cleared up here. The following table gives an overview of the different UltraBay types, in which models they occurred and what drives are available for them. Note that the optical drive bay in G series ThinkPads is not an UltraBay in that the drives are fixed and not removable.
On the media side different UltraBays relate to the form factor of the drives they accept; for example, early A, T and X series models can accept UltraBay devices up to 12.5 mm thick, whereas current T and X series machines are limited to devices no more than 9.5 mm thick. [edit]
Lenovo UltraBay nomenclature Overview of UltraBay types and available devices UltraBay Type Featured in Available devices UltraBay All 760's and 765's FD, CD, Extra PCMCIA, HD, Battery, ZIP-100 UltraBay II 770, 770E, 770ED, 770X, 770Z FD, CD/DVD, CD-RW/DVD, HD, Battery, ZIP-100, ZIP-250, LS-120 UltraBay FX 390, 390E, 390X FD, CD/DVD, CD-RW/DVD, Battery UltraSlimBay 570, 570E, 600, 600E, 600X FD, CD/DVD, CD-RW/DVD, HD, Battery, ZIP-100, ZIP-250, LS-120 UltraBay 2000 A20, A21, A22, T20, T21, T22, X20, X21, X22, X23, X24 FD, CD/DVD, CD-RW/DVD,
Trivia The Touchpad with Trackpoint, a virtually unchanging part of every generation of Thinkpad. Enlarge The Touchpad with Trackpoint, a virtually unchanging part of every generation of Thinkpad.
* The Thinkpad is the most popular laptop of developers of the open source operating system OpenBSD, and the T40 is one of the best supported laptop for the system.
[edit]
See also
* ThinkCentre
[edit]
External links
* Official Lenovo ThinkPad page * ThinkPad Open Forum (thinkpads.com) * ThinkWiki - a ThinkPad Wiki with a focus on Linux * Unofficial ThinkPad mailing list (since 1993) * Linux-ThinkPad mailing list * Linux Laptop and Notebook Installation Survey: Lenovo * Complete List and Specifications of Current ThinkPads * Partial List and Specifications of Discontinued ThinkPads * ThinkPad Portal & Community (German) * ThinkPad Specifications Reference * IBM PowerPC ThinkPad History from Tecnopolis
KitchenAid KBDS250X 1 HP Food Disposal-Garbage Disposal
Description from A1Electronics.net: KITCHEN AID KBDS250X 1 HP SUPERBA(r) BATCH FEED DISPOSERModel: KitchenAid KBDS250X MSRP: $319Features:Anti-Jam Automatic Reversing ActionFull Whisper Quiet(tm) Polystyrene Sound BarrierHigh-Polish Sink FlangeCorrosion-Resistant Drain Chamber ShieldStainless Steel Grind ChamberManual Reset Overload Protector7 Year Full WarrantyInstant Energy 1 HP Capacitor-Start MotorDimensions:Average Water Usage Per Person 1-1/2 gallons per dayAverage Amperage 10.2 ampsDimensions shown are for planning purposes only. For complete information, see Installation Instructions packed with product.Electrical Requirements:120 volt, 60 Hz., AC, 15 or 20 amp 3-wire with grounded circuit required.
Garbage disposal
This is about the kitchen appliance. For the mass-scale disposal of waste, see waste management.
A garbage disposal or garburator is an electrically-powered device installed under a kitchen sink between the drain and the U-bend. It shreds food waste into very small pieces so that they can be passed through the plumbing without clogging. Also called a food waste disposal, they are sold in North America under brand names like In-Sink-Erator,the largest manufacturer of garbage disposals and "Waste King."
The device first became widely popular in upscale kitchens of the 1970s and 1980s. Concerns over environmental impact weakened its popularity, but kitchen designers and plumbers confirm the renewed appeal of the food-waste-grinding and -liquefying creature that lives under the sink. For many years, garbage disposals were illegal in New York City because of a perceived threat of damage to the city's sewer system. The ban was rescinded on October 11, 1997.
There are two varieties of garbage disposals. The most common is the continuous-feed version; once the unit is turned on -- usually by a switch on the wall resembling a light switch -- it continues to run and grind food until switched off. Water should always be kept running through the drain when the disposal is switched on to prevent damage to the blades. Less common is the batch-feed variety, which will not run until its lid has been put in place and locked; this prevents accidents whereby a child or inattentive adult tries to fish something out of the drain and the unit is accidentally switched on. [edit]
Mechanism
A high-torque, insulated electric motor spins a round, horizontal turntable above it. The turntable is surrounded by a shredder ring, which has sharp slots. The food waste sits on the turntable, and through centrifugal force is forced to its perimeter and through the shredder ring. The turntable has a number of swiveling lugs — similar to little dull blades — attached to its topside, which assist in forcing the waste through the shredder. [edit]
External links
* In-Sink-Erator Household Garbage Disposers * Page with garbage disposal research
A bug zapper is a device that uses a light source to attract insects to an electrical grid, where they are incinerated by the current. The name stems from the characteristic "zzzap" sound that the insects make as they are electrocuted.
Bug zappers are usually made from a housing of plastic or grounded metal. A light source, often a fluorescent light (often designed to emit insect-attractive ultraviolet light) is attached inside the housing, surrounded by an electrically charged wire grid. A transformer changes standard 120-volt current into 2,000-volt current. Many bug zappers are also equipped with shallow trays that collect the remains of the electrocuted insects. [edit]
Drawbacks
Although many people use bug zappers to control mosquito populations, the actual number of mosquitoes that are attracted to the devices is quite low, as mosquitoes are attracted to carbon dioxide rather than to UV light. Beneficial insects, or those that are harmless to humans are killed indiscriminately. The strong UV light attracts many insects indoors or to the patio that would not otherwise be present.
When insects are incinerated by the discharge, their bodies virtually explode, which allows an aerosol form of their remains to be inhaled by or to settle on the surfaces and/or food of people in the room. This could be unhealthy. If biting insects do get into the trap they will be carrying the blood of humans or other animals. For this reason bug zappers are the subject of health regulations for restaurants and food processing plants.
Despite the proven ineffectiveness of bug zappers against biting insects, they are sold in large numbers. A possible explanation for this discrepancy is that bug zappers have an irrational attractiveness to humans in that their operation provides some kind of gratification. [edit]
Alternate methods
There are several alternatives for the destruction of annoying insects. A product currently on the market releases an artificial pheromone for mosquitoes. The mosquitoes are attracted to the pheromones, and fly towards the source until they are caught in a net, where they die of dehydration. Citronella is another low-cost substitute for a "bug zapper". It is usually available in retail stores in the form of candles or wrist bands. DEET (N,N-diethyl-meta-toluami de or N,N-diethly-3-methylbenza mide) is also another excellent bug repellent and is available at the same places listed above. [edit]
External links
* How Stuff Works article on Bug Zappers * Kansas State University study on bug zappers
Alabama is a state located in the Southern United States.
History
Main article: History of Alabama
The memory of the Native American presence is particularly strong in Alabama. Among Native American people once living in present Alabama were Alabama (Alibamu), Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, Koasati, and Mobile. Trade with the Northeast via the Ohio River began during the Burial Mound Period (1000 BC-A.D. 700) and continued until European contact. Meso-American influence is evident in the agrarian Mississippian culture that followed.
The French established the first European settlement in the state with the establishment of Mobile in 1702. Southern Alabama was French from 1702–1763, part of British West Florida from 1763–1780, and part of Spanish West Florida from 1780–1814. Northern and central Alabama was part of British Georgia from 1763–1783 and part of the American Mississippi territory thereafter. Its statehood delayed by the lack of a coastline (rectified when Andrew Jackson captured Spanish Mobile in 1814), Alabama became the 22nd state in 1819.
The state of Alabama seceded from the Union on January 11, 1861 and became the Alabama Republic and on February 18, 1861 became a Confederate state. While not many battles were fought in the state, it contributed about 120,000 soldiers to the Civil War. After the war a provisional government was set up in 1865 and Alabama was officially readmitted to the Union on July 14 1868.
The cradle of the Confederacy during the Civil War, Alabama was at stage center in the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s. [edit]
Law and government
Main article: Law and Government of Alabama [edit]
Local & County Government
Alabama has 67 counties, each having its own elected legislative branch, usually called the Board of Commissioners, which usually also has executive authority in the county. Due to the restraints placed in the Alabama Constitution, all but 7 counties (Jefferson, Lee, Mobile, Madison, Montgomery, Shelby, and Tuscaloosa) in the state have little to no home rule. Instead, most counties in the state have to lobby to the Local Legislation Committee the state legislature to get simple local policies such as waste disposal to land use zoning.
Alabama is an alcohol monopoly or Alcoholic beverage control state. [edit]
Political Climate
The current governor of the state is Bob Riley and the two U.S. senators are Jefferson B. Sessions III and Richard C. Shelby (all three from the Republican Party). The current Alabama Constitution was adopted in 1901.
During Reconstruction following the American Civil War, Alabama was occupied by federal troops of the Third Military District under General John Pope. In 1877, the Reconstruction period ended with the recognition of Rutherford B. Hayes as President-elect. White Southerners assumed control of the government and passed laws to segregate and disenfranchise black residents. The state became part of the "Solid South," a one-party system in which the Democratic Party became essentially the only political party in every Southern state. For nearly 100 years, local and state elections in Alabama were decided in the Democratic Party primary, with generally no Republican challenger running.
From 1876 through 1956, Alabama supported only Democratic presidential candidates, by margins as high as 73 percentage points. In 1960, Alabama gave most of its electoral votes to Harry F. Byrd as a protest. In 1964, the national Republican Party began to win more votes in the South by following a "Southern Strategy" which emphasized "states' rights" and the increasing liberalism of the national Democratic Party. The first such candidate was conservative Barry Goldwater, who became the first Republican candidate supported by Alabama. In 1968, Alabama supported native son and American Independent Party candidate George Wallace.
The last Democratic candidate to win Alabama's votes in a presidential election was Southerner Jimmy Carter in 1976. Today, the Republican party has become increasingly dominant in conservative Alabama politics. However, in local politics, Democrats still control many offices, including majorities in both houses of the Legislature, and registered Democrats outnumber Republicans in the state. In 2004, George W. Bush won Alabama's nine electoral votes by a margin of 25 percentage points with 62.5% of the vote. The only 11 counties voting Democratic were Black Belt counties, where African Americans are in the majority.
* U.S. presidential election, 2004, in Alabama
[edit]
Geography
Main article: Geography of Alabama
Alabama is the 30th largest state in the United States with 135,775 km2 (52,423 mi2) of total area. 3.19% of that is water, making Alabama 23rd in the amount of surface water, also giving it the second largest inland waterway system in the United States. About three-fifths of the land area is a gentle plain with a general incline towards the Mississippi River and the Gulf of Mexico. The North Alabama region is mostly mountainous, with the Tennessee River cutting a large valley creating numerous creeks, streams, rivers, mountains, and lakes. The lowest point east of the Mississippi River lies in Dekalb County along a creek cutting tower ridges, and creating Buck's Pocket State Park. Another natural wonder is "Land Bridge" the longest natural bridge span east of the Mississippi River. Alabama generally ranges in elevation from sea level at Mobile Bay, to a little more than 1800 feet or 550 meters in the Appalachian mountains in the northeast. The highest point is Mount Cheaha. [edit]
Economy
According to the Bureau of Economic Analysis, the 2003 total gross state product was $132 billion. The per capita income for the state was $26,505 in 2003. Alabama's agricultural outputs include poultry and eggs, cattle, plant nursery items, peanuts, cotton, grains such as corn and sorgum, vegetables, milk, soybeans, and peaches. Even though neighboring Georgia is called the Peach State, Alabama produces twice as many peaches annually. Its industrial outputs include iron and steel products, including cast-iron and steel pipe, paper, lumber, and wood products, mining (mostly coal), and plastic products, cars and trucks, and apparel. Also, Alabama produces aerospace and electronic products, mostly in the Huntsville area, home of the NASA George C. Marshall Space Flight Center and the US Army Missile Command, headquartered at Redstone Arsenal.
Also, the city of Mobile is a busy seaport on the Gulf of Mexico, and with inland waterway access to the Midwest via the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway. [edit]
Demographics
For more details on this topic, see Demographics of Alabama.
As of 2005, Alabama has an estimated population of 4,557,808, which is an increase of 32,433, or 0.7%, from the prior year and an increase of 110,457, or 2.5%, since the year 2000. This includes a natural increase since the last census of 77,418 people (that is 319,544 births minus 242,126 deaths) and an increase due to net migration of 36,457 people into the state. Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 25,936 people, and migration within the country produced a net increase of 10,521 people.
The state had 108,000 foreign-born (2.4% of the state population), of which an estimated 22.2% were illegal aliens (24,000). [edit]
Race and ancestry
The racial makeup of the state and comparison to the prior census: Census year: 2000 1990 White 71.1% 73.6% Black 26.0% 25.3% Asian 0.7% 0.5% Native American 0.5% 0.4% Other race 0.7% 0.1% Mixed race 1.0% * White, non-Hispanic 70.3% 73.3% Hispanic‡ 1.7% 0.6% Notes:
* Not available; mixed race was first reported in the census of 2000. ‡ Hispanics may be of any race and are included in applicable race categories.
The largest reported ancestry groups in Alabama: American (17.0%), English (7.8%), Irish (7.7%), German (5.7%), and Scotch-Irish (2.0%). 'American' includes those reported as Native American or African American. [edit]
Colleges and Universities (incomplete)
Main article: List of colleges and universities in Alabama
* Air University * Alabama A&M University * Alabama State University * Andrew Jackson University * Athens State University * Auburn University * Auburn University Montgomery * Birmingham-Southern College * Bishop State Community College * Calhoun Community College System & nbsp; &n bsp; o Decatur-Main Campus & nbsp; &n bsp; o Huntsville/Cummings Research Park & nbsp; &n bsp; o Redstone Arsenal * Capps College * Concordia College-Selma * Faulkner University * Heritage Christian University * Huntingdon College * Jacksonville State University * Judson College * Miles College * Oakwood College * Remington College * Samford University * Selma University
* Spring Hill College * Stillman College * Talladega College * Troy University System (formerly "Troy State University System") & nbsp; &n bsp; o Main Campus (Troy) & nbsp; &n bsp; o Troy University at Dothan & nbsp; &n bsp; o Troy University at Montgomery & nbsp; &n bsp; o Troy University at Phenix City * Tuskegee University * United States Sports Academy * University of Alabama System & nbsp; &n bsp; o Main Campus (Tuscaloosa) & nbsp; &n bsp; o Birmingham & nbsp; &n bsp; o Huntsville * University of Mobile * University of Montevallo * University of North Alabama * University of South Alabama * University of West Alabama * Virginia College
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Culture and interests
* Famous Alabamians * Alabama Jubilee Hot Air Balloon Classic * Music of Alabama * Alabama Public Television, state wide public TV network * List of television stations in Alabama * Alabama Shakespeare Festival * Spirit of America Festival * U.S. Space & Rocket Center/U.S. Space Camp * USS Alabama * Rickwood Field * Robert Trent Jones Golf Trail * Visionland Theme Park * Old State Bank * Vulcan statue * Mobile Bay jubilee * Point Mallard Aquatic Center * Noccalula Falls Park
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References
* Atkins, Leah Rawls, Wayne Flynt, William Warren Rogers, and David Ward. Alabama: The History of a Deep South State (1994) * Flynt, Wayne. Alabama in the Twentieth Century (2004) * Owen Thomas M. History of Alabama and Dictionary of Alabama Biography 4 vols. 1921. * Jackson, Harvey H. Inside Alabama: A Personal History of My State (2004) * Peirce, Neal R. The Deep South States of America: People, Politics, and Power in the Seven Deep South States (1974) solid reporting on politics and economics 1960-72 * Williams, Benjamin Buford. A Literary History of Alabama: The Nineteenth Century 1979. * WPA. Guide to Alabama (1939) * for a detailed bibliography see History of Alabama
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External links Find more information on Alabama by searching one of Wikipedia's sister projects:
Dictionary definitions from Wiktionary Textbooks from Wikibooks Quotations from Wikiquote Source texts from Wikisource Images and media from Commons News stories from Wikinews
* Alabama.gov - Official website. * Alabama Association of Regional Councils * TourAlabama.org - Alabama Department of Tourism and Travel * Archives.state.al.us - Alabama Department of Archives and History & nbsp; &n bsp; o All About Alabama at the Archives Department site * Alabama National Guard - Alabama National Guard * Code of Alabama 1975 - at the Alabama Legislature site * Alabama QuickFacts from the U.S. Census Bureau * County Maps of Alabama - Full color maps. List of cities, towns and county seats * Alabama Literature from the Southern Literary Review
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Notes
¹ The phrase The Heart of Dixie is required by state law to be included on standard state vehicle license plates, but has recently been reduced to a very small size and eclipsed by the phrase Stars Fell on Alabama.
Flag of Alabama State of Alabama Capital: Montgomery Largest Metro: Birmingham-Hoover-C ullman Metropolitan Area Other Metro Areas Anniston-Oxford | Auburn-Opelika | Dothan-Enterprise | Gadsden | Huntsville-Decatur | Mobile | Montgomery | Florence-Muscle Shoals | Tuscaloosa-Northport Regions: Greater Birmingham | Black Belt | Central Alabama | Lower Alabama | Mobile Bay | North Alabama | South Alabama Largest cities: Birmingham | Huntsville | Mobile | Montgomery Major cities: Anniston | Auburn | Decatur | Dothan | Florence | Gadsden | Hoover | Tuscaloosa All cities: List of cities in Alabama Counties: Autauga | Baldwin | Barbour | Bibb | Blount | Bullock | Butler | Calhoun | Chambers | Cherokee | Chilton | Choctaw | Clarke | Clay | Cleburne | Coffee | Colbert | Conecuh | Coosa | Covington | Crenshaw | Cullman | Dale | Dallas | DeKalb | Elmore | Escambia | Etowah | Fayette | Franklin | Geneva | Greene | Hale | Henry | Houston | Jackson | Jefferson | Lamar | Lauderdale | Lawrence | Lee | Limestone | Lowndes | Macon | Madison | Marengo | Marion | Marshall | Mobile | Monroe | Montgomery | Morgan | Perry | Pickens | Pike | Randolph | Russell | Shelby | St. Clair | Sumter | Talladega | Tallapoosa | Tuscaloosa | Walker | Washington | Wilcox | Winston
GOOGLE has formally rejected the US Justice Department's subpoena of data, arguing the demand violated the privacy of users' searches and its own trade secrets.
Responding to a motion by US Attorney General Alberto Gonzales, Google also said in a filing in U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California the government demand to disclose web search data was impractical.
The Bush is pushing for Google to hand over web search data as part of a bid by the Justice Department to appeal a 2004 Supreme Court injunction of a law to penalise web site operators who allow children to view pornography.
Google is going it alone in opposing the U.S. government request. Rivals Microsoft and Yahoo are among the companies that have complied with the Justice Department demand for data to be used to make its case.
Google's lawyers said the company shares the government's concern with materials harmful to minors but argued that the request for its data was irrelevant. They offered a series of technical arguments why the data was not useful.
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Google said that complying with the US government's request for "untold millions of search queries" would put an undue burden on the company, including a "week of engineer time to complete".
"Algorithms regularly change. The identical search query submitted today may yield a different result than the identical search conducted yesterday," attorneys from Perkins Coie, the company's legal counsel, argue in the filing.
Complying with the Justice Department request would also force Google to reveal how its web search technology works - something it jealously guards as a trade secret - the company argued. It refuses to disclose even the total number of searches conducted each day.
Google's resistance contrasts with a deal the company has struck with the Chinese government to censor some searches on a new site in China, a move that has drawn sharp criticism from members of the US Congress and human rights activists.
"Google users trust that when they enter a search query into a Google search box ? that Google will keep private whatever information users communicate absent a compelling reason," attorneys for Google said in the filing.
The legal spat also comes amid heightened sensitivity to privacy issues by the company as it recently began offering a new version of its Google Desktop service that vacuums up data stored on user PCs and makes it accessible on the users' other computers. For customers who consent to the service, copies of their data are stored on Google's central computers.
Privacy activists have rallied to the defence of Google for fighting the US government request while some conservative and religious organizations have criticised the company for failing to help the government combat child pornography.
The American Civil Liberties Union, with other civil rights groups, bookstores and alternative media outlets filed a friend of the court brief on behalf of Google.
The hearing on the Justice Department motion to compel Google to divulge the search data is scheduled to take place on March 13 in San Jose.
Filipino Mudslide Victims Buried in Mass Grave; Few Left to Mourn Them As Search Effort Continues
GUINSAUGON, Philippines - Standing in a light drizzle, the handful of mourners didn't know any of the 30 people laid side by side in a mass grave Sunday as workers began burying the few victims recovered since a mammoth mudslide wiped out this farming village.
Anyone who could have identified the bodies was likely under a carpet of muck up to 30 feet deep, and hopes all but evaporated that more survivors would be found.
Only about two dozen battered, dazed people have been rescued from the debris left by Friday's disaster, which left some 1,800 people missing and presumed dead.
Weary search teams found more than a dozen bodies Sunday, raising the number of confirmed deaths to 72. With no one left to claim the dead and bodies quickly starting to decompose in the tropical heat, officials ordered them buried in mass graves.
At a cemetery five miles from Guinsaugon, a Roman Catholic priest sprinkled holy water on 30 bodies, some wrapped in bags, others in cheap wooden coffins, then said a prayer through a mask worn to filter out the stench.
Volunteers lowered the bodies to men who placed them side by side at the bottom of the grave.
The only witnesses were local health officials, the provincial governor, some of her staff and a few nearby residents. Some evacuees from the landslide watched from the window of a nearby Catholic school.
Twenty more bodies were to be buried there Monday.
In the capital, President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo said Sunday that "all the efforts of our government continue and will not stop while there is hope to find survivors." But those hopes faded each hour as no more survivors were found for a second straight day.
A woman who escaped the destruction said the first inkling of the disaster was a mild shaking of the ground, followed by a loud boom and a roar that sounded like many airplanes.
"I looked up to the mountain and I saw the ground and boulders rushing down," said Alicia Miravalles.
She said she ran across her family's rice field ahead of the wall of mud and boulders. "I thought I was dead. If the landslide did not stop, I would really be dead now."
Her husband, Mario, said their nearly 4-acre rice farm was left a mound of rocks and mud.
"Our farm is gone. We have no more home," he said. "We can only rely now on the government's help."
Florencio Libaton, an injured villager, told of being caught by the soupy mush while trying to flee with his wife. He said he was rolled and tossed among boulders and tree trunks that were swept down the adjacent mountainside.
"I said, 'God, is this how we are going to die?'" Libaton recalled at Anahawan District Hospital, where he and other injured were taken.
Rescuers found him pinned under a tree trunk and mud. "I yelled out, 'Help! Help! Then they pulled me out after digging with their hands," he said.
There was no sign of Libaton's wife, Porfiria. He feared he also lost his children a son and two daughters when the mud buried the village's elementary school, along with 250 to 300 children and teachers.
Two shiploads of U.S. Marines arrived off Leyte island Sunday to help, diverted from military exercises elsewhere in the Philippines. A unit of 32 started digging at the school, and a total of 200 Marines had come ashore by sunset. Hundreds more were expected Monday.
Communist rebels active elsewhere on Leyte warned the U.S. troops not to stray into insurgent zones, but said they would not attack unless provoked. The New People's Army rebels have been waging a rebellion since the late 1960s.
The hunt for survivors focused on the school after unconfirmed reports circulated that some of those inside had sent text messages to loved ones after the mountainside collapsed following two weeks of heavy rains.
Officials had said 57 survivors were pulled from the mud Friday, but on Sunday lowered the number to 20 without explanation.
Spirits rose briefly at the school site Sunday when Malaysian soldiers with sound-detecting gear reported movement below the mud. But with nothing else to indicate life, they had to admit the noise could have been settling mud.
A Taiwanese team of 32 rescue workers with heat-sensing equipment arrived to aid the desperate search for survivors.
Philippine Lt. Col. Raul Farnacio said teams using search dogs also were digging around the village hall, where about 300 people were at a women's conference when the mudslide hit.
In Geneva, the International Red Cross appealed for $1.5 million to buy materials for temporary shelters and health and cooking items.
Meanwhile, a landslide killed five people on another Philippines island hundreds of miles away, but it was not immediately clear what caused it.
Maj. Gamal Hayudini of the military's Southern Command said the slide engulfed two houses in Zamboanga del Sur province's Bayog town, 470 miles south of Manila. He said a woman was pulled out alive with a broken leg.
In November 1991, about 6,000 people were killed on Leyte in floods and landslides triggered by a tropical storm. In December 2003, 133 people died in floods and mudslides.
Chicago, known as the "Second City" and the "Windy City" (the Potawatomi who used to live in the area before white settlement called the marshes on which Chicago was later built "Checagou"), is the third-largest city in population in the United States, following New York City and Los Angeles. Chicago is located in the Midwestern state of Illinois along the southwestern shore of Lake Michigan. When combined with its suburbs and nine surrounding counties in Illinois, Wisconsin, and Indiana, the greater metropolitan area known as Chicagoland encompasses a population of nearly 10 million people.
Growing from its 1833 founding as a frontier town of the Old Northwest into one of the world's premier cities, Chicago is ranked as one of 10 "Alpha" (most influential) world cities by the Globalization and World Cities Study Group & Network. Chicago was the site of the world's first skyscraper, and today is the financial, transportation, and cultural capital of the Midwest. Chicago also leads the country in the number of conventions hosted annually. The city has long been known around the world as a financial, industrial, and transportation center and for its ethnic diversity. Chicago's skyscrapers, local cuisine, political traditions, and sports teams are some of its most recognized symbols. A variety of colloquial nicknames reflect Chicago's unique character.
A resident of Chicago is referred to as a Chicagoan. There is some ambiguity regarding the suburbs - some residents call themselves "Chicagoans" and identify with the central city, while others rarely deal with or visit the central city. Typically, residents of Chicago will identify themselves with one of the many neighborhoods of Chicago. For an excellent map of the neighborhoods of Chicago, see this map.
About one-third of central-city Chicagoans are Caucasian, another third African American, around a quarter Hispanic and one-tenth Asian, with small amounts of other groups filling in the remainder. Chicago also has several dozen distinct neighborhoods to match its ethnic diversity; the city is divided into 77 official community areas.
History
Main article: History of Chicago
During the mid-1700s, the Chicago area was inhabited primarily by Potawatomis, who took the place of the Miami and Sauk and Fox. The first non-native settler in Chicago was Jean-Baptiste Pointe du Sable, a Haitian of African descent, who arrived in the 1770s, and whose heritage was much talked about after 1950. In 1803, the U.S. Army built Fort Dearborn; in 1812 it was destroyed in the Fort Dearborn Massacre . [edit]
Incorporation and growth
On August 12, 1833, the Town of Chicago organized with a population of 350. Within seven years a flood of new arrivals from New England and other points east gave the town a population of over 4,000. Chicago incorporated on March 4, 1837 when the State of Illinois granted Chicago a city charter. Thus began the next step in what would become massive early growth. Many factors contributed to that growth but early on the most important aspects could be attributed to Chicago's geographic proximity in an expanding nation. The city was the logical transportation link between eastern and western United States, using the Great Lakes and the river systems, and (after 1850) the railroads. The opening of the Illinois and Michigan Canal in 1848 allowed shipping from the Great Lakes through Chicago to the Mississippi River. The first rail line to Chicago, the Galena & Chicago Union Railroad, was completed the same year. These projects foreshadowed Chicago's eventual development into the transportation hub of the United States.
The geography of Chicago presented early citizens with many problems, including transportation and sewage. These problems were rectified by several large public works projects.
By 1890, Chicago was the second largest city in the United States, after New York City. Chicago grew to 1.1 million people in less than sixty years.
The 1860 Republican National Convention in Chicago nominated home-state candidate Abraham Lincoln for U.S. president, and was the first of twenty-five in the city. [edit]
Great Chicago Fire
Main article: Great Chicago Fire
In 1871, most of the city burned in the Great Chicago Fire. By this time the city had a population of over 300,000. Due to the fire much of the city needed to be rebuilt; this gave city planners a clean slate to fix the problems of the past. In the following years, Chicago architecture would become influential throughout the world. The first skyscraper in the world was constructed in 1885 using novel steel skeleton construction.
Other tragic fires have plagued Chicago. 602 persons died in the Iroquois Theater fire in 1903. The LaSalle Hotel fire in 1946 claimed the lives of 61 guests. In 1958 a Roman Catholic elementary school, Our Lady of the Angels, burned 18 minutes before the end of the school day, killing 92 children and three teaching nuns. [edit]
20th century State Street circa 1907 Enlarge State Street circa 1907
Lake Michigan — the primary source of fresh water for the city — was already highly polluted from the rapidly growing industries in and around Chicago, a new way of procuring clean water was needed. The city embarked on a large tunnel excavation project and began building tunnels below Lake Michigan to newly built water cribs. The water cribs were two miles (three kilometers) off the shore of Lake Michigan. The cribs failed to bring enough clean water because spring rains would wash the polluted water from the Chicago River into them. In 1900 this problem was solved by reversing the direction of the River's flow with the construction of the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal leading to the Illinois River.
On December 2, 1942, the world's first controlled nuclear reaction was conducted at the University of Chicago as part of the top secret Manhattan Project.
Mayor Richard J. Daley was elected in 1955, in the era of so-called machine politics. During Daley's tenure (he died in office in 1976), the 1968 Democratic National Convention was held in Chicago, four major expressways were built, the Sears Tower became the world's tallest building and O'Hare Airport (which later became the world's busiest airport) was constructed. 1979 saw the election of the city's first female mayor, Jane Byrne. Four years later in 1983, Harold Washington became the first African American to be elected to the office of mayor. Richard M. Daley, son of Richard J. Daley, became mayor in 1989. [edit]
Geography
Main article: Geography of Chicago
USGS Landsat Image Enlarge USGS Landsat Image Chicago River from Michigan Ave. Enlarge Chicago River from Michigan Ave.
Chicago is located in northeastern Illinois at the southwestern tip of Lake Michigan. It sits on the continental divide, at the site of the Chicago Portage, connecting the Mississippi River and the Great Lakes watersheds
When Chicago was founded in the 1830s most of the early building began around the mouth of the Chicago River. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Chicago has a total area of 606.1 km² (234.0 mi²), of which 588.3 km² (227.1 mi²) is land and 17.8 km² (6.9 mi²) is water. The total area is 2.94% water. The city has been built on relatively flat land; the average height of land is 579 feet (176 meters) above sea level. The city lies beside Lake Michigan and two rivers, the Chicago in downtown and the Calumet in the industrial far South Side, entirely or partially flow through Chicago. The Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal connects the Chicago River with the Des Plaines River, which runs to the west of the city. [edit]
Climate
Main article: Climate of Chicago
Chicago is known as a city of climate extremes. While winters can often be bitterly cold, extreme summer heat waves are not uncommon. Chicago has a continental climate typical of the U.S. Midwest, with hot summers and cold winters, subject to possible extremes in both seasons. Lake Michigan can have a moderating effect for neighborhoods close to the shoreline, keeping them cooler in summer and slightly warmer in winter; but also producing a 'lake effect' of snowfall in winter. Average high and low temperatures for July are 84 °F/63 °F, and for January it is 29 °F/13 °F. Weather typical of each season can sometimes arrive unusually early or late, for example, the highest recorded temperature in March was 84 °F and the lowest in September was 37 °F. Summers have been known to bring different elements in a one day period; ranging from bright sunny mornings, to partly-cloudy and rainy early afternoons, to bright sunny late afternoons, to comfortable evenings. Chicago in winter Enlarge Chicago in winter
Chicago's yearly precipitation averages about 36 inches (914 mm). Summer is the rainiest season, with short-lived rainfall and thunderstorms more common than prolonged rainy periods[1]. The highest temperature ever reached in Chicago was 104 °F.
Winter in Chicago is a variable and fickle season. Temperatures and snowfall can vary widely in the span of one to two weeks, and extended periods of temperatures below 32 °F (0 °C) are not uncommon in January and February. Temperatures can sometimes drop below 0 °F (-18 °C) overnight and then rise by the next morning. This frigid weather doesn't normally last more than 1-3 days at a time. Although rare, the temperature can climb to 50 °F (10 °C) or higher in winter.
Several U.S. cities, among them New York City, Boston, and Dallas, have higher average annual wind speeds than Chicago, according to the National Climatic Data Center [2]. Nevertheless, the wind has a strong hold on Chicago's popular imagination. There's even a nickname for the city's legendary gusts: "The Hawk." Lou Rawls brought The Hawk to national attention it in his song Dead End Street:
I was born in a city the called the Windy City And they call it the Windy City because of the Hawk. All mighty Hawk.
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Geology
Since the first recorded earthquake in 1804 [3], Chicago has occasionally experienced earthquakes. More recently, an earthquake with an epicenter in Ottawa, Illinois registering about 4.3 on the Richter scale shook some buildings in Chicago on June 28, 2004. This earthquake sparked worries that the New Madrid fault might become active again. An earthquake of 6 or higher in the Missouri Fault might cause moderate to high damage in Chicago. [edit]
Law and government
Main article: Law and government of Chicago
Chicago City Hall. Enlarge Chicago City Hall.
Chicago is the largest city and the county seat of Cook County. The government of the City of Chicago is divided into executive and legislative branches. The mayor is the chief executive, elected by general election for a term of four years. The mayor appoints commissioners and other officials who oversee the various departments. The current mayor is Richard M. Daley, a Democrat. In addition to the mayor, Chicago's two other citywide elected officials are the clerk and the treasurer. The City Council is the legislative branch and is made up of 50 aldermen, one elected from each ward in the city. The council enacts local ordinances and approves the city budget. Government priorities and activities are established in a budget ordinance usually adopted each November. The council takes official action through the passage of ordinances and resolutions. [edit]
Politics
Former Chicago Mayor Richard J. Daley once led a political machine called the Chicago Democratic Machine. Another point of interest is the party leanings of the city. For much of the last century, Chicago has been considered one of the largest Democratic strongholds in the United States. For example, the citizens of Chicago have not elected a Republican mayor since 1927, when William Thompson was voted into office. Today, only one alderman is Republican. The city is also well known for corruption in many levels of government, for example the Hired Trucking Scandal.
Chicago's politics lean famously to the left compared to the rest of the Midwest, and it is often said that Chicago is the "East Coast" of the Midwest. Social liberalism is strong in the city, with a strong majority of Chicagoans supporting welfare programs and the pro-choice movement. In 2004, Mayor Richard M. Daley rejected a proposal to legalize same-sex marriage in the city. The issue was controversial especially in Illinois, since the state is arguably the most varied in terms of liberal urban areas vs conservative rural areas. In partisan elections, such as for the State Legislature and U.S. Congress, most elections are won by Democrats, such as the landslide win of Barack Obama in 2004. [edit]
Law enforcement A Chicago police car Enlarge A Chicago police car
The Chicago Police Department, also known as the CPD, is the principal law enforcement agency of Chicago, under the jurisdiction of the mayor. It is the largest police department in the Midwest and the second largest in the nation (with 13,619 sworn officers and 2,625 other employees covering 234 square miles as of 2003), and one of the oldest organized police forces in the world. By comparison, Los Angeles, the nation's second largest city, has just over 9,000 sworn officers covering 469 square miles.
There are twenty-five police districts, each led by a commander. Each commander oversees a network of administrative and operational departments that include patrol officers, detective forces, and other investigative units. Commanders report to the superintendent of police who in turn is subject to the authority of the mayor of Chicago. [edit]
See also
* Chicago City Hall * List of Chicago city departments * List of mayors of Chicago * Municipal Flag of Chicago * Chicago City Council * Chicago Police Department * Chicago Fire Department * Sister Cities of Chicago * Municipal Code of Chicago
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People and culture [edit]
Demographics
Main article: Demographics of Chicago
City of Chicago Population by year [4] Year Population Rank 1840 4,470 92 1850 29,963 24 1860 112,172 9 1870 298,977 5 1880 503,185 4 1890 1,099,850 2 1900 1,698,575 2 1910 2,185,283 2 1920 2,701,705 2 1930 3,376,438 2 1940 3,396,808 2 1950 3,620,962 2 1960 3,550,404 2 1970 3,366,957 2 1980 3,005,072 2 1990 2,783,726 3 2000 2,896,016 3
People living in Chicago are called "Chicagoans." The metropolitan area is referred to as "Chicagoland" therefore the term is also sometimes applied colloquially to those living in one of the neighboring communities.
As of the 2000 census, there are 2,896,016 people, 1,061,928 households, and 632,909 families residing in the city of Chicago proper. A 2006 estimate puts the city's population at over 3 million. This encompasses about one-fifth of the entire population of the state of Illinois and 1% of the population of the United States. The population density is 4,923.0/km² (12,750.3/mi²). There are 1,152,868 housing units at an average density of 1,959.8/km² (5,075.8/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 36.39% Black or African American, 31.32% White, 26.02% Hispanic or Latino, 4.33% Asian and Pacific Islander, 1.64% from two or more races, 0.15% Native American, and 0.15% from other races. For changes between the 1990 and 2000 census, see [5]. Children playing in Chicago's Millennium Park Enlarge Children playing in Chicago's Millennium Park
The city itself makes up 23.3% percent of the total population of Illinois, down from a high of 44.3% in 1930.
Chicago's unique culture arises from it being a melting pot, with nearly even percentages of Caucasians and African-Americans and a sizeable Hispanic minority.
The main European ethnic groups in Chicago are the Irish, Germans, Italians and Polish. Chicago has a large Irish-American population on its South Side. Many of Chicago's politicians have come from this population, including current mayor Richard M. Daley. Chicago has the largest population of Swedish-Americans of any city in the US, numbering 123,000. After the Chicago Fire, many Swedish carpenters helped to rebuild the city, which is why it is sometimes called the city the Swedes built.
Today, Chicago has the largest ethnically Polish population outside of Poland, making it one of the most important Polonia centers. Polish food and customs have melted into the culture of the city. Chicago is also considered to be the second-largest Serbian and Lithuanian city in the world, and the third largest Greek city after Melbourne, Australia. The city also has the country's largest Assyrian population, numbering as many as 80,000 and is the location of the seat of the head of the Assyrian Church of the East, Mar Dinkha IV.
The Chicago Metropolitan area is also becoming a major center for Indian-Americans and South Asians. Chicago has the third largest South Asian population in the country, after New York City and San Francisco. The Devon Avenue Market on Chicago's north side is an example of this, as it is one of the largest South Asian neighborhoods in North America.
There are 1,061,928 households, of which 28.9% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 35.1% are married couples living together, 18.9% have a female householder with no husband present, and 40.4% are non-families. Of all households, 32.6% are made up of individuals and 8.7% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.67 and the average family size is 3.50.
Of the city population, 26.2% are under the age of 18, 11.2% are from 18 to 24, 33.4% are from 25 to 44, 18.9% are from 45 to 64, and 10.3% are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 32 years. For every 100 females there are 94.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 91.1 males. The median income for a household in the city is $38,625, and the median income for a family is $42,724. Males have a median income of $35,907 versus $30,536 for females. The per capita income for the city is $20,175. Below the poverty line are 19.6% of the population and 16.6% of the families. Of the total population, 28.1% of those under the age of 18 and 15.5% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. [edit]
Museums and galleries The Shedd Aquarium. Enlarge The Shedd Aquarium.
In 1998, the City of Chicago officially opened the Museum Campus, a 10 acre lakefront park surrounding three of the city's main museums, the Field Museum of Natural History, the Shedd Aquarium and the Adler Planetarium. The Museum Campus was constructed on the southern section of Grant Park. The construction project involved re-routing Lakeshore Drive to make room for the new park. Grant Park is also home to Chicago's other major downtown museum, the Art Institute of Chicago. Some other major museums and galleries of the Chicago area include:
* Adler Planetarium and Astronomy Museum, 1300 S. Lake Shore Dr. * Art Institute of Chicago, 111 S. Michigan Ave. One of the premier art museums in the United States. Famous pieces include American Gothic by Grant Wood, and A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte by Georges Seurat. The Museum is partnered with The School of the Art Institute of Chicago. * Chicago Cultural Center (Home Page), 78 E. Washington St. Built in 1897 as Chicago's first public library, the building now houses the city's Visitor Information Center, galleries, and exhibit halls. The ceiling of Preston Bradley Hall includes a 38-foot Tiffany glass dome. * DuSable Museum of African-American History. Displays many artifacts of many well known African-Americans and rich history. * Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 S. Lake Shore Dr., Chicago's natural history museum. Highlights include Sue, the largest Tyrannosaurus rex skeleton in the world as well as a great, kids-friendly Egyptian exhibit. * Mexican Fine Arts Center Museum, 1852 West 19th St., a museum dedicated to Mexican, Latino and Chicano art and culture. * Museum of Contemporary Art, 220 E. Chicago Ave. Art of all types from around the world made since 1945. * Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago, 5700 S. Lake Shore Dr. Highlights include the U-505 submarine and working coal mine. * Peggy Notebaert Nature Museum * Oriental Institute, part of the University of Chicago, one of the best collections of ancient Egyptian and Near Eastern archeology in the world. * Shedd Aquarium, 1200 S. Lake Shore Dr. Located on the Museum Campus, the Shedd Aquarium is home to a large collection of marine life from throughout the world. The Pacific Northwest–themed Oceanarium features dolphins, whales, and other animals from the region, as well as a panoramic view of Lake Michigan. This aquarium was the largest indoor aquarium in the world until the Georgia Aquarium opened in November 2005.
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Performing arts A Promotional Sign for Chicago's "Second City" Comedy Troupe. Enlarge A Promotional Sign for Chicago's "Second City" Comedy Troupe.
See also: Chicago theatre
Chicago is a well-known theater capital and the birthplace of improvisational comedy, where it remains extremely popular. The city is home to The Second City and I.O., two of the largest comedy troupes in the world. Many world-famous actors and comedians are Chicagoans or came to study in the area, particularly at Northwestern University in Evanston. The form itself was invented at the University of Chicago in the 1960s by an undergraduate performance group called the Compass Players, whose members went on to found Second City. (In honor of this, Second City returns to the school on major anniversaries to perform free shows.)
Since its founding in 1976 as an ensemble effort, Steppenwolf Theatre Company on the city's north side has nurtured a generation of gifted actors, directors and playwrights and grown into an internationally renowned company of thirty-five artists. Many other theatres, from new performances spaces to landmark houses like the Chicago Theatre on State and Lake, present a wide variety of plays and musicals, both touring shows and original works, such as the premiere in December 2004 of the Tony Award winner for Best Musical in 2005, Spamalot.
The Lyric Opera of Chicago was founded in 1954 and performs in the Civic Opera Building, which was built in 1929 on the east bank of the Chicago River and is the second-largest opera auditorium in North America, with 3,563 seats. The Lyric Opera purchased the Civic Opera House from the building's owner in 1993. The company has reported an average of 100% sales for the past 16 years and approximately 34,000 subscribers for its six-month season. [edit]
Music
Chicago has made many significant pop-cultural contributions. In the field of music, Chicago is well-known for its Chicago blues, Chicago soul, Jazz, and Gospel. It is known as the birthplace of the House style of music, whose history is related to the development and fostering of the techno electronic style of music in nearby Michigan. The Hip-Hop scene in Chicago is also very influential, with major artists including Kanye West, Twista, R. Kelly, and Common.
The rock band Chicago was named after the city, although its original name was the Chicago Transit Authority. The band's name was shortened to Chicago after the CTA threatened to sue them for unauthorized use of the original trademark.
The Chicago Symphony Orchestra, one of the nation's oldest and most respected symphony orchestras, plays its concerts at the historic Symphony Center (formerly known as "Orchestra Hall") in downtown Chicago.
1990s' alternative bands Local H, Veruca Salt, Big Angry Fish!, The Lawrence Arms, Kill Hannah, Material Issue, Liz Phair, and The Smashing Pumpkins hail from Chicago. Contemporary rock band Wilco is also Chicago-based. The 2000s' have seen local artists Disturbed, Alkaline Trio, and Fall Out Boy also attain nationwide success.
In the 19th Century, it was the Great Chicago Fire that was part of a chain of events that led Chicago resident Horatio Spafford to write the hymn "It Is Well With My Soul". [edit]
Cuisine
Chicago's signature foods reflect the city's ethnic and working-class roots. Chicago deep-dish pizza was popularized by Pizzeria Uno. It is generally accepted that it was also invented at Uno in 1943. One of the creators of this new style of pizza was Rudy Malnati. Rudy's grandson, Lou, would go on to found Lou Malnati's which is another very popular purveyor of deep dish pizza. The first Lou Malnati's Pizzeria opened on March 17, 1971. Chicago deep-dish pizza is world renowned and popular locally, although thin-crust and other styles of pizza are also popular throughout the city. In particular, Chicago pizzerias also serve stuffed pizza (a close relative of deep dish), popularized by such places as Giordano's, and a style of thin crust that is crispy, rather than floppy in the style of New York and other East Coast cities. A traditional Chicago hotdog is typically loaded with mustard, chopped onion, sliced tomato, pickle relish, celery salt and a dill pickle spear. It is somewhat taboo to put ketchup on a Chicago hotdog; there are actually some small hotdog shops and stands that will refuse service to you if you make the request. A Chicago hotdog is almost always made out of Vienna Beef, the largest provider of hot dog meat for Chicago. Chicago is also known for Italian Beef sandwiches and the Maxwell Street Polish (always served topped with grilled onions and mustard).
Chicago also has a long list of world-renowned upscale dining establishments serving a wide array of cuisine from some of the most well-known chefs in the United States. Some notable destinations include Charlie Trotter's (chef Charlie Trotter) on Armitage in Chicago's Lincoln Park neighborhood, Frontera Grill, a gourmet Mexican restaurant owned by Food Network star Rick Bayless, and The Everest, a new-French restaurant on the top floor of the Chicago Stock Exchange building downtown. [edit]
Media and entertainment
See also: Media in Chicago
Harpo Studios, home of talk show host Oprah Winfrey. Enlarge Harpo Studios, home of talk show host Oprah Winfrey.
Chicago commands the third-largest market in North America (after New York City and Los Angeles) and as such has many different forms of media and outlets to support its status. All of the major US television networks have subsidiaries in Chicago. Chicago's local WGN-TV, which is owned by the Tribune Company, is carried (with some programming differences) as "Superstation WGN" on cable nation-wide.
There are two major daily newspapers published in Chicago, the Chicago Tribune and the Chicago Sun-Times, with the former having the larger circulation. There are also a number of regional and special-interest newspapers such as the Daily Southtown, the Chicago Defender, the Newcity News, the Daily Herald and the Chicago Reader.
Chicago Public Radio offers diverse and informative programs and is perhaps best known for producing NPR favorites This American Life and Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me!.
Local blog sites of note are Gapersblock, FlowFeel and Bookslut. [edit]
Crime
Despite its prosperity and reputation as a world-class city, Chicago's crime situation in the latter half of the 20th century, and the early years of the 21st, has often been poor. In addition to its gangland problems, starting in the late 1960s Chicago, like many other major American cities, saw a major rise in violent crime which took decades to reverse. Murders in the city peaked first in 1974, with 970 murders for the year when the city's population was over three million, resulting in a murder rate of around 28.8 per 100,000; and again in 1992, with 943 murders for the year when the city had fewer than three million people, resulting in a murder rate of 33.87 per 100,000. Following 1992, the murder count slowly petered down to 703 by 1999; by this time, it had the most murders of any big city in the country and continued to until 2004. That year, after adopting crime-fighting techniques recommended by the New York Police Department and the Los Angeles Police Department, Chicago recorded 448 homicides, the lowest total since 1965. Despite the impressive gains, however, the city's murder rate of 15.65 (going by the 2004 population estimate) is still higher than those of New York City, Boston, San Francisco, and Los Angeles.
Chicago has been among the first U.S. cities to build an integrated emergency response center to coordinate the city's response to terrorist attacks, gang violence, and natural disasters in the city. Built in 1995, the center is integrated with over 2000 cameras, a direct link to the National Counter-Terrorism Center, and communications with all levels of city government. Recently installed anti-crime cameras have been introduced and are capable of pinpointing gunshot sounds, calculating where the shots were fired, and pointing and zooming the cameras in the direction of the shots. So far early results show these new cameras to be highly effective in reducing crime within a 2 block radius. Placed in residential areas, these cameras cause some Chicagoans to feel uneasy about being so closely watched. They have prompted some calls of discrimination since these cameras are prevalent in Black and Latino communities.
The FBI often does not accept crime statistics submitted by the Chicago Police Department, which tallies data differently than other cities. For instance, the police record all criminal sexual assaults as opposed to only rape, like other police departments do; and aggravated battery is counted along with the standard category of aggravated assault. As a result, Chicago is often omitted from studies like Morgan Quitno's annual "Safest/Most Dangerous City" survey.
Economy Chicago Board of Trade. Enlarge Chicago Board of Trade.
Main article: Economy of Chicago
Chicago has been a center for commerce in the United States for most of its modern history. Today, Chicago remains the United States' second financial center with the nation's second largest central business district and third largest gross metropolitan product. In fact, Chicago's gross metropolitan product would rank 18th in the world if it were a nation-state, at approximately $380 billion.
Before it was incorporated as a town in 1833, the primary industry was the fur trade. Chicago's early explosive growth led many land speculators and enterprising individuals to the area. Situated on the Great Lakes and with so many new people settling the area, Chicago became an ideal location for shipping and receiving goods. With that, many railroads started to be built from Chicago to other parts of the country, further aiding the growth of the city. Additionally, the building of the Illinois and Michigan Canal helped move goods south down the Mississippi River. In the 1840s, Chicago became the largest grain port in the world, shipping food from the Mississippi Valley region which was also growing into the largest food-producing region in the world. In 1848, Chicago built its first grain elevator, and, in 1858 there were twelve grain elevators dotting the skyline. Carl Sandburg described Chicago as a "stacker of wheat", and some would argue that the grain elevators were Chicago's first skyscrapers. In the 1850s and 1860s Chicago's pork and beef industry exploded. Great entrepreneurs such as Gustavus Swift and Philip Armour helped the area to become the largest producer of meat products in the world at the time. By 1862, Chicago had displaced Cincinnati, Ohio, as "Porkopolis". During the 1860s two factors helped this development: first, the Civil War increased the demand for food products, and Chicago's transportation network ensured that goods could be delivered quickly to soldiers all over the northern United States; and second, meat packing plants began to utilize ice. Before this time, meat production and distribution facilities, otherwise known as disassembly plants, had to shut down in the hot summer months. More operating months meant hundreds of thousands of new man-hours in which people could work. The efficiency of Chicago's meat packing industry and its disassembly plants inspired others such as Henry Ford when he developed Model-T assembly lines. Today, we consider industries such as steel, oil, and banking to be the great global market segments, but in the 1860s Chicago's pork and beef industry represented the first global industry. As the major meat companies grew in Chicago many, such as Armour, created global enterprises and communicated with divisions spread across the globe via telegraph.
Modern-day futures and commodity trading markets were pioneered in Chicago. A number of events led to this, along with Chicago's transportation systems and geographic proximity to the rest of the country. Massive amounts of goods passed through Chicago from places in the Mississippi Valley such as St. Louis, Missouri. Grain was stored in Chicago, and people began buying contracts on it. Later, people as far away as New York City began buying contracts by telegraph on the goods that would be stored in Chicago in the future. From this were established the Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT), the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME), and the modern systems we use today for futures and commodity trading.
Chicago, and its surrounding suburbs, are home to the second largest concentration of Fortune 500 companies in the United States. The greater Chicago area hosts 31 members of the Fortune 500. The city of Chicago is home to 11 Fortune 500 companies, while the metropolitan area hosts a total of 21 members of the Fortune 500. Chicago also hosts 12 Fortune Global 500 companies and 17 Financial Times 500 companies.
Chicago, and its surrounding metropoltian area, are also home to the second largest labor pool in the United States numbering approximately 4.25 million workers. [edit]
See also
* Chicago Climate Exchange * List of major companies in Chicagoland
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Education Entrance to the University of Chicago's main quadrangle Enlarge Entrance to the University of Chicago's main quadrangle [edit]
Public education
The Chicago Public Schools (CPS) is the school district that controls over 600 public elementary and high schools in Chicago. It is currently the third largest school district in the United States, with more 400,000 students enrolled in the school district and is led by CEO Arne Duncan. The CPS also includes a number of selective-admission magnet schools, such as Whitney Young Magnet High School, William Jones College Prep, Walter Payton College Prep and Northside College Preparatory High School. [edit]
Higher education
Main article: Colleges and universities of Chicago
Chicago is home to two of America's leading universities, the University of Chicago in Hyde Park and Northwestern University in nearby Evanston. Northwestern also maintains a campus in downtown Chicago, near the Magnificent Mile.
The Illinois Institute of Technology in Bronzeville has notable engineering and architecture programs.
The city is also home to several honored Catholic universities, including Loyola University, with campuses in Rogers Park, Edgewater and Water Tower Place, and DePaul University with campuses in Lincoln Park and the Loop.
The Chicago campus of the University of Illinois system, the University of Illinois at Chicago, is the city's largest university and one of the nation's largest urban public universities. Other state universities in Chicago include Chicago State University and Northeastern Illinois University.
A number of smaller colleges are known for fine arts education, including Roosevelt University, Columbia College Chicago, and The School of the Art Institute of Chicago; annually, the latter ranks alongside the Rhode Island School of Design and Yale University as having the best graduate and undergraduate level arts programs in the country.
The city also has a community college system known as the City Colleges of Chicago.
Many of these institutions have downtown campuses as well as suburban locations. [edit]
Sports
Chicago is one of two U.S. cities (the other being New York City) that has not only two Major League Baseball teams but also NFL football, Major League Soccer (Fire), NBA basketball (Bulls, WNBA Sky), and NHL hockey (Blackhawks) teams. Chicago also has a minor-league hockey team, the Wolves, and a National Lacrosse League team, the Chicago Machine, which will begin play in 2007.
* The Chicago Cubs of the National League play in the second-oldest major league stadium, Wrigley Field, located in the north side neighborhood of Lakeview. The Cubs are famous as "loveable losers" whose fans are nevertheless famously dedicated. The Cubs are the oldest team to play continuously in the same city since the formation of the National League in 1876. * The Chicago White Sox of the American League won the World Series in 2005. Police estimated 1.75 million fans turned out to cheer on the victory parade. U.S. Cellular Field is located on the city's south side, on the corner of 35th and Shields, the site originally known as Comiskey Park, where the team played from 1910 to 1990. * The Chicago Bears football team has had some of the best-loved and most famous NFL personalities, including owner George Halas, players Dick Butkus, Gale Sayers, William "Refrigerator" Perry, and the legendary Walter Payton, and coach Mike Ditka. The Bears play in Soldier Field on the city's lakefront. In 1985 the Bears went 15-1, and dominated in the playoffs, and dismantled the Patriots 46-10 in Super Bowl XX. * The Chicago Bulls of the NBA are arguably the most recognized basketball team in the world, thanks to the heroics of a player often cited as the best ever, Michael Jordan, who led the team to six NBA championships in eight seasons in the 1990s.
Broadcasting by Chicago TV station WGN-TV has helped spread the visibility of Chicago sports around the country. The city of Chicago has announced that it will bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics. Chicago is the host for the 2006 Gay Games. Club Sport League Stadium Logo Chicago Bears Football National Football League Soldier Field Chicago Bears Logo Chicago Blackhawks Hockey National Hockey League United Center Chicago Blackhawks Logo Chicago Bulls Basketball National Basketball Association United Center Chicago Bulls Logo Chicago Cubs Baseball Major League Baseball: National League Wrigley Field Chicago Cubs Logo Chicago Fire Soccer Major League Soccer Soldier Field Chicago Fire Logo Chicago Sky Basketball Women's National Basketball Association UIC Pavilion Chicago Sky Chicago Rush Arena Football Arena Football League Allstate Arena Chicago Rush Logo Chicago White Sox Baseball Major League Baseball: American League U.S. Cellular Field (New Comiskey Park) Chicago White Sox Logo
Related topics
* 1959 Pan American Games in Chicago * Arlington Park * Chicago Motor Speedway * Chicago Blitz * Chicago Rush * Chicago Enforcers * Chicago Bruisers * Chicago Wolves * Chicago Storm * Windy City Rollers
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Transportation In the Great Room at Union Station. Enlarge In the Great Room at Union Station.
Chicago is considered to be the premier transportation hub in America. Much of this status stems from its geographic proximity during a time when the United States was growing quickly in population and area. The Illinois and Michigan Canal, completed in 1848, allowed for transportation around the world with connecting waterways through Chicago all the way to New York and the Atlantic Ocean, west to St. Louis, and south to New Orleans and the Gulf of Mexico. Chicago then became one of the largest grain and lumber ports in the world, with grain being sent to more established populations and lumber being sent to the forest-starved prairies where new settlers needed to build. Even today, Chicago's importance in global distribution remains, as it is the third largest inter-modal port in the world after Hong Kong and Singapore. [edit]
Streets and highways
Main article: Streets and highways of Chicago
The streets of Chicago primarily follow the grid system established by the Chicago City Council in 1908 and implemented on September 1, 1909. The baselines for numbering streets and buildings are State Street (east-west numbering) and Madison (north-south numbering). Street numbers begin at "1" at the baselines and run numerically in directions indicated to the city limits. Letters, N, S,E and W indicate directions.
The City of Chicago is divided into one-mile sections which contain eight blocks to the mile (though the street grid is not entirely uniform). Each block's addresses occupy a 100-number range, making a range of 800 address numbers cover approximately one mile. There are three exceptions to the 800-to-a-mile rule: Madison (the north-south zero point) to Roosevelt at 1200 south is one mile, as is Roosevelt to Cermak at 2200 south, and Cermak to 31st Street (3100 south). The regular 800-per-mile range resumes south of 31st Street so that 39th Street (3900 south) is one mile south of 31st Street. Even-numbered addresses are on the north and west sides of streets; odd-numbered address are on the south and east sides.
Seven interstate highways run through Chicago. Segments that link to the city center are named after influential politicians, and traffic reports tend to use the names rather than interstate numbers. The named interstate segments are the Kennedy Expressway (I-90 From the 'Loop' to O'Hare International Airport), Dan Ryan Expressway (I-90/94, From South of the 'Circle Interchange' to the I-57 Split), Stevenson Expressway (I-55), Edens Expressway (I-94), Eisenhower Expressway (I-290), Bishop Ford Expressway (I-94 from the I-57 Split south), and the Chicago Skyway (I-90 when it breaks off the Dan Ryan). Interstate 57 is not named. [edit]
Public transportation Chicago 'L' Chicago Transit Authority Red Line Orange Line Yellow Line Green Line Blue Line Purple Line Brown Line edit this box
Main article: Mass transit in Chicago
The Chicago Transit Authority or CTA, operates the second largest public transportation system in the United States (to New York's Metropolitan Transportation Authority) and covers the City of Chicago and 40 surrounding suburbs. The CTA operates 24 hours a day and, on an average weekday, 1.4 million rides are taken on the CTA.
CTA has approximately 2,000 buses that operate over 152 routes and 2,273 route miles. Buses provide about 1 million passenger trips a day and serve more than 12,000 posted bus stops. CTA's 1,190 rapid transit cars operate over seven routes and 222 miles of track. CTA trains provide about 500,000 customer trips each day and serve 144 stations in Chicago, Evanston, Skokie, Wilmette, Rosemont, Forest Park, Oak Park and Cicero. The elevated train is also known as the "Chicago L" or "El" to Chicagoans.
Chicago is one of the few cities in the United States that provides rapid transit service to two major airports. From the downtown area the CTA's Blue Line takes customers to O'Hare International Airport in about 40 minutes and the Orange Line takes customers to Midway Airport in about 30 minutes from the Loop.
Metra operates commuter rail service at over 200 stations in Chicago and its suburbs. Metra features the Electric District Main Line, which offers commutes from the Far South Suburbs to Chicago's Lakefront Attractions like McCormick Place, Millennium Park, Soldier Field and Museum Campus. Metra's Electric Line is Chicago's oldest continuing commuter train (1856), sharing the railway with the South Shore Line's NICTD Northwest Indiana Commuter Rail Service, which accesses Chicago/Gary Airport.
Pace operates a primarily-suburban bus service that also offers some routes into Chicago. [edit]
Airports The American Airlines terminal at O'Hare International Airport Enlarge The American Airlines terminal at O'Hare International Airport
Main article: Airports of Chicago
In the 20th century, Chicago held on to its status as the nation's transportation hub with the building of two airports: Midway Airport, on the south side, which was superceded in the 1960s by O'Hare International Airport on the far northwest. Today, O'Hare is one of the world's busiest airports, playing an important role in domestic connections for many airlines. Both O'Hare and Midway are owned and operated by the city of Chicago. For decades Illinois has debated opening a new airport near Peotone, Illinois, with no decision. For now the Gary-Chicago airport, located in nearby Gary, Indiana serves as the third Chicago land airport. [edit]
See also
* Rail stations of Chicago * Taxis of Chicago * Chicago Pedway * Chicago City Railway * Bicycling in Chicago * Union Station * Multilevel streets in Chicago
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Health and medicine
The United States has the largest health care system in the world, and Chicago is arguably the capital of that system. The city is first among the major dental and medical training centers in the United States. It is also home to the sprawling Illinois Medical District on the Near West Side, which includes Rush University Medical Center, the University of Illinois at Chicago medical center, and John H. Stroger, Jr. Hospital of Cook County, the largest trauma-center in the city and the basis for the hospital in NBC's popular drama ER. The American Medical Association, the American Hospital Association, the American Dental Association, and the American College of Surgeons are also based in the city. The University of Illinois College of Medicine at UIC is the largest medical school in the United States (1300 students, including those at campuses in Peoria, Rockford and Urbana-Champaign). Chicago is also home to a large number of nationally recognized medical schools. These include the above-mentioned University of Illinois medical school, Rush Medical College, University of Chicago, and Northwestern University. In addition, the Chicago Medical School and Loyola University Chicago's Stritch School of Medicine are located in the suburbs of North Chicago and Maywood, respectively. The Midwestern University Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine is located in Downers Grove. The American Osteopathic Association is also located in Chicago. [edit]
Utilities and infrastructure [edit]
Electric
Electricity is provided to residents through Commonwealth Edison, also known as ComEd. With over 6,000 employees ComEd provides service to all of northern Illinois. Their service territory borders Iroquois County to the south (roughly Interstate 80), the Wisconsin border to the north, the Iowa border to the west and the Indiana border to the east. [edit]
Telecommunications
Most landline telephone service is provided by AT&T, but there are a number of other smaller players such as RCN that service the city. New technologies allowing phone service over cable lines and the Internet are broadening the competitive landscape.
Related Topics
* Area Codes & nbsp; &n bsp; o 312 (The Loop and central neighborhoods, e.g. the Near North Side) & nbsp; &n bsp; o 773 (Everywhere else in the city proper, the neighborhoods) & nbsp; &n bsp; o 847 (North and Northwest Suburbs) & nbsp; &n bsp; o 708 (Near West and South Suburbs) & nbsp; &n bsp; o 630 (Western Suburbs) & nbsp; &n bsp; o 224 (Overlay area code for 847)
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Cable
Cable television services in Chicago are provided to the citizens through one of three providers over five service territories covering the city. The three players are Comcast, Wide Open West (WOW) and RCN. Comcast services are available city wide while RCN and WOW are only cover the North East and South side respectively. Service providers are regulated by The Office of Cable Communications which is a division of the Department of Consumer Affairs. [edit]
See also
* Sister Cities of Chicago * Famous Chicagoans * Landmarks of Chicago * Parks of Chicago * Tallest buildings in Chicago * Notable citizens of Chicago * List of fiction set in Chicago * List of non-fiction about Chicago
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References
* Travel guide to Chicago from Wikitravel * City of Chicago Homepage * (October 2004). Edited by James R. Grossman, Ann Durkin Keating, Janice L. Reiff. The Encyclopedia of Chicago, University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0226310159. * The Encyclopedia of Chicago (online version) * Miller, Donald L. (April 1996). City of the Century: The Epic of Chicago and the Making of America, Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0684801949.
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External links
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Flag of Chicago City of Chicago Geography | History | Government | Places and Landmarks | Colleges and Universities | Public education (Chicago Public Schools) | Sports | Community Areas | Neighborhoods | Counties of Chicagoland | Economy | Parks Map of Chicagoland Metropolitan area of Chicagoland States: Illinois | Indiana | Wisconsin Largest cities (over 30,000 in 2000): Aurora | Berwyn | Calumet City | Chicago | Chicago Heights | Crystal Lake | Des Plaines | East Chicago | Elgin | Elmhurst | Evanston | Gary, IN | Hammond, IN | Harvey | Highland Park | Joliet | Kenosha, WI | Naperville | North Chicago | Park Ridge | Waukegan | Wheaton Largest towns and villages (over 30,000 in 2000): Addison | Arlington Heights | Bartlett | Bolingbrook | Buffalo Grove | Carol Stream | Carpentersville | Cicero | Downers Grove | Elk Grove Village | Glendale Heights | Glenview | Hanover Park | Hoffman Estates | Lombard | Merrillville, IN | Mount Prospect | Mundelein | Niles | Northbrook | Oak Lawn | Oak Park | Orland Park | Palatine | Schaumburg | Skokie | Streamwood | Tinley Park | Wheeling | Woodridge Counties: Cook | DuPage | Kane | Kendall | Kenosha | Lake (IL) | Lake (IN) | McHenry | Will
Chicago, known as the "Second City" and the "Windy City" (the Potawatomi who used to live in the area before white settlement called the marshes on which Chicago was later built "Checagou"), is the third-largest city in population in the United States, following New York City and Los Angeles. Chicago is located in the Midwestern state of Illinois along the southwestern shore of Lake Michigan. When combined with its suburbs and nine surrounding counties in Illinois, Wisconsin, and Indiana, the greater metropolitan area known as Chicagoland encompasses a population of nearly 10 million people.
Growing from its 1833 founding as a frontier town of the Old Northwest into one of the world's premier cities, Chicago is ranked as one of 10 "Alpha" (most influential) world cities by the Globalization and World Cities Study Group & Network. Chicago was the site of the world's first skyscraper, and today is the financial, transportation, and cultural capital of the Midwest. Chicago also leads the country in the number of conventions hosted annually. The city has long been known around the world as a financial, industrial, and transportation center and for its ethnic diversity. Chicago's skyscrapers, local cuisine, political traditions, and sports teams are some of its most recognized symbols. A variety of colloquial nicknames reflect Chicago's unique character.
A resident of Chicago is referred to as a Chicagoan. There is some ambiguity regarding the suburbs - some residents call themselves "Chicagoans" and identify with the central city, while others rarely deal with or visit the central city. Typically, residents of Chicago will identify themselves with one of the many neighborhoods of Chicago. For an excellent map of the neighborhoods of Chicago, see this map.
About one-third of central-city Chicagoans are Caucasian, another third African American, around a quarter Hispanic and one-tenth Asian, with small amounts of other groups filling in the remainder. Chicago also has several dozen distinct neighborhoods to match its ethnic diversity; the city is divided into 77 official community areas.
History
Main article: History of Chicago
During the mid-1700s, the Chicago area was inhabited primarily by Potawatomis, who took the place of the Miami and Sauk and Fox. The first non-native settler in Chicago was Jean-Baptiste Pointe du Sable, a Haitian of African descent, who arrived in the 1770s, and whose heritage was much talked about after 1950. In 1803, the U.S. Army built Fort Dearborn; in 1812 it was destro